TY  - JOUR
A1  - Sharma, Rahul
A1  - Xia, Xiaojuan
A1  - Cano, Liliana
A1  - Evangelisti, Edouard
A1  - Kemen, Eric
A1  - Judelson, Howard
A1  - Oome, Stan
A1  - Sambles, Christine
A1  - Hoogen, D. Johan van den
A1  - Kitner, Miloslav
A1  - Klein, Joël
A1  - Meijer, Harold J. G.
A1  - Spring, Otmar
A1  - Win, Joe
A1  - Zipper, Reinhard
A1  - Bode, Helge Björn
A1  - Govers, Francine
A1  - Kamoun, Sophien
A1  - Schornack, Sebastian
A1  - Studholme, David J.
A1  - Ackerveken, Guido Franciscus van den
A1  - Thines, Marco
T1  - Genome analyses of the sunflower pathogen Plasmopara halstedii provide insights into effector evolution in downy mildews and Phytophthora
T2  - BMC genomics
N2  - Background: Downy mildews are the most speciose group of oomycetes and affect crops of great economic importance. So far, there is only a single deeply-sequenced downy mildew genome available, from Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis. Further genomic resources for downy mildews are required to study their evolution, including pathogenicity effector proteins, such as RxLR effectors. Plasmopara halstedii is a devastating pathogen of sunflower and a potential pathosystem model to study downy mildews, as several Avr-genes and R-genes have been predicted and unlike Arabidopsis downy mildew, large quantities of almost contamination-free material can be obtained easily.
Results: Here a high-quality draft genome of Plasmopara halstedii is reported and analysed with respect to various aspects, including genome organisation, secondary metabolism, effector proteins and comparative genomics with other sequenced oomycetes. Interestingly, the present analyses revealed further variation of the RxLR motif, suggesting an important role of the conservation of the dEER-motif. Orthology analyses revealed the conservation of 28 RxLR-like core effectors among Phytophthora species. Only six putative RxLR-like effectors were shared by the two sequenced downy mildews, highlighting the fast and largely independent evolution of two of the three major downy mildew lineages. This is seemingly supported by phylogenomic results, in which downy mildews did not appear to be monophyletic.
Conclusions: The genome resource will be useful for developing markers for monitoring the pathogen population and might provide the basis for new approaches to fight Phytophthora and downy mildew pathogens by targeting core pathogenicity effectors.
KW  - Comparative genomics
KW  - Core effectors
KW  - Downy mildew
KW  - Evolution
KW  - Microsatellites
KW  - Obligate biotroph
KW  - Oomycetes
KW  - Phytohormones
KW  - Plant pathogen
KW  - Promoters
KW  - RxLR effectors
Y1  - 2019
UR  - http://publikationen.ub.uni-frankfurt.de/frontdoor/index/index/docId/50496
UR  - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:hebis:30:3-504967
SN  - 1471-2164
N1  - Open Access: This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.
IS  - Art. 741
SP  - 1
EP  - 23
PB  - BioMed Central ; Springer
CY  - London ; Berlin ; Heidelberg
ER  -