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Mitochondrial proton-translocating NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase (complex I) couples the transfer of two electrons from NADH to ubiquinone to the translocation of four protons across the mitochondrial inner membrane. Subunit PSST is the most likely carrier of iron-sulfur cluster N2, which has been proposed to play a crucial role in ubiquinone reduction and proton pumping. To explore the function of this subunit we have generated site-directed mutants of all eight highly conserved acidic residues in the Yarrowia lipolytica homologue, the NUKM protein. Mutants D99N and D115N had only 5 and 8% of the wild type catalytic activity, respectively. In both cases complex I was stably assembled but electron paramagnetic resonance spectra of the purified enzyme showed a reduced N2 signal (about 50%). In terms of complex I catalytic activity, almost identical results were obtained when the aspartates were individually changed to glutamates or to glycines. Mutations of other conserved acidic residues had less dramatic effects on catalytic activity and did not prevent assembly of iron-sulfur cluster N2. This excludes all conserved acidic residues in the PSST subunit as fourth ligands of this redox center. The results are discussed in the light of the structural similarities to the homologous small subunit of water-soluble [NiFe] hydrogenases.
Proton-translocating NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase (complex I) transports two electrons from NADH to membranal ubiquinone: in this process protons are translocated across the membrane, producing 40% of the total proton gradient between matrix side and intermembrane space. Mitochondrial complex I contains at least 46 subunits in mammals, and has a molecular weight of around 1000 kDa. Electronic microscopy analysis showed that complex I has an L-form, which consists of two domains: a peripheral “arm” (hydrophilic domain) and a membrane “arm” (hydrophobic domain). The peripheral domain, which protrudes into the matrix, contains one non-covalently bound flavin mononucleotide (FMN) and the iron-sulfur clusters N1a, N1b, N2, N3, N4 and N5 as redox active groups. They transport electrons from NADH to ubiquinone. Cluster N2 is supposed to be the immediate electron donor to ubiquinone by virtue of its highest and pH dependent redox midpoint potential (Em,7 –150 mV). The exact location of the tetra-nuclear cluster N2 is still object of discussion. The TYKY and the PSST subunits contain three binding motifs for tetranuclear clusters which are formed by twelve cysteins. In an effort to investigate the “ubiquinone reduction module” of complex I, in the first part of this work site directed mutagenesis of the TYKY and PSST subunits has been carried out. Mutant strains were characterised in terms of complex I content, catalytic activity and EPR signature of cluster N2. The second part of this work was aimed at developing a substrate inducible version of the internal alternative NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase (NDH2i). A substrate inducible NDH2i is expected to offer a “switch” between complex I activity dependent (no NDH2i activity) and independent (NDH2i activity) cell growth, by changing between activating and non-activating substrates. This strategy would allow the screening for two types of complex I mutants, which is a prerequisite for realising a random PCR mutagenesis of single subunits of complex I, that allows the production of a high number of point mutations in relatively short time. Y. lipolytica complex I deficiency mutant strains could be easily identified, by virtue of their inability to survive under complex I dependent growth conditions (no NDH2i activity). By this way, amino acids that have an important role for complex I structure or function could be identified by subsequent sequence analysis. Each of the twelve cysteines that form the above mentioned three binding motifs for iron-sulfur cluster have been mutagenised. In mutant mitochondrial membranes, no assembled complex I could be detected. From these data one may conclude that the mutagenised 6 SUMMARY 92 cysteines play an important role for complex I stability, or that are a prerequisite for complex I assembly in Y. lipolytica, but there is not direct evidence indicating that any of the four mutagenised residues acts as a ligand. Two aspartates in the PSST subunit, Asp-99 and Asp-115, were found to be essential for complex I catalytic activity. EPR spectroscopic analysis indicated that the electron transfer to N2 cluster was not blocked and implied that this was not the reason for the loss of catalytic activity. From these data it can be concluded that D99 and D115 play a vital role for complex I NADH:ubiquinone reductase activity, but are not ligands for cluster N2 and that their position is not close enough to the cluster to influence directly its electromagnetic environment. Three mutations, identified in the PSST and TYKY homologous subunits of patients affected with Leigh syndrome (V119M in PSST, P78L and R101H in TYKY) were reconstructed in the obligate aerobic yeast Y. lipolytica. This approach may help to understand the aetiology of the Leigh syndrome, in terms of the ability of complex I to oxidize NADH and to transport electrons. In fact, all three mutations showed effects on electron transport, reducing the VMax by about 50%. Mutant V119M in the PSST subunit, which had a lethal effect in two patients that were homozygous for this mutation, affects a fully conserved residue. Overall, the results from site directed mutagenesis carried out so far support the theory that the “catalytic core ” (N2 cluster and quinone binding site) of complex I has been evolved from the electron transfer module of the [Ni-Fe] hydrogenases. In fact, mutagenesis of residues that are fully conserved between complex I and [Ni-Fe] hydrogenases, showed dramatic effects on complex I in terms of assembly (cysteine mutants) or catalytic activity (D99-D115). Differently, changing aspartate 174 and glutamic acid 185 (not fully conserved, Fig 4.1A) had little or no effect on the Michaelis-Menten parameters and N2 EPR signal. In recent years Y. lipolytica has been developed as a yeast genetic system to study mitochondrial complex I. The present work introduced the promoter for the isocitrate lyase (pICL1) as a useful tool for the substrate selective expression of the internal version of the alternative NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase (pICL1-NDH2i). This allows to rescue complex I deficiencies “in vivo” selectively by growth on acetate (or ethanol) medium. The integration of the pICL1-NDH2i construct into the genome of Y. lipolytica and subsequent deletion of nuclear-coded subunits like PSST, TYKY and 49 kDa, would contribute to further develop this organism as a useful genetic model for studying subunits of mitochondrial complex I by site directed mutagenesis.