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Recent data have suggested that performing recanalizing therapies in ischemic stroke might lead to an increased risk of acute symptomatic seizures. This applies to both intravenous thrombolysis and mechanical thrombectomy. We therefore determined the frequency of acute symptomatic seizures attributable to these two recanalization therapies using a large, population-based stroke registry in Central Europe. We performed two matched 1:1 case–control analyses. In both analyses, patients were matched for age, stroke severity on admission and pre-stroke functional status. The first analysis compared patients treated with intravenous thrombolysis to a non-recanalization control group. To isolate the effect of mechanical thrombectomy, we compared patients with both mechanical thrombectomy and intravenous thrombolysis to those with only intravenous thrombolysis treatment in a second analysis. From 135,117 patients in the database, 13,356 patients treated with only intravenous thrombolysis, and 1013 patients treated with both intravenous thrombolysis and mechanical thrombectomy were each matched to an equivalent number of controls. Patients with intravenous thrombolysis did not suffer from clinically apparent acute symptomatic seizures significantly more often than non-recanalized patients (treatment = 199; 1.5% vs. control = 237; 1.8%, p = 0.07). Mechanical thrombectomy in addition to intravenous thrombolysis also was not associated with an increased risk of acute symptomatic seizures, as the same number of patients suffered from seizures in the treatment and control group (both n = 17; 1.7%, p = 1). In a large population-based stroke registry, the frequency of clinically apparent acute symptomatic seizures was not increased in patients who received either intravenous thrombolysis alone or in conjunction with mechanical thrombectomy.
The National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score is the most frequently used score worldwide for assessing the clinical severity of a stroke. Prior research suggested an association between acute symptomatic seizures after stroke and poorer outcome. We determined the frequency of acute seizures after ischemic stroke in a large population-based registry in a central European region between 2004 and 2016 and identified risk factors for acute seizures in univariate and multivariate analyses. Additionally, we determined the influence of seizures on morbidity and mortality in a matched case–control design. Our analysis of 135,117 cases demonstrated a seizure frequency of 1.3%. Seizure risk was 0.6% with an NIHSS score at admission <3 points and increased up to 7.0% with >31 score points. Seizure risk was significantly higher in the presence of acute non-neurological infections (odds ratio: 3.4; 95% confidence interval: 2.8–4.1). A lower premorbid functional level also significantly increased seizure risk (OR: 1.7; 95%CI: 1.4–2.0). Mortality in patients with acute symptomatic seizures was almost doubled when compared to controls matched for age, gender, and stroke severity. Acute symptomatic seizures increase morbidity and mortality in ischemic stroke. Their odds increase with a higher NIHSS score at admission.
A systematic review on the burden of illness in individuals with tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC)
(2020)
Objective: This review will summarize current knowledge on the burden of illness (BOI) in tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC), a multisystem genetic disorder manifesting with hamartomas throughout the body, including mainly the kidneys, brain, skin, eyes, heart, and lungs.
Methods: We performed a systematic analysis of the available literature on BOI in TSC according to the PRISMA guidelines. All studies irrespective of participant age that reported on individual and societal measures of disease burden (e.g. health care resource use, costs, quality of life) were included.
Results: We identified 33 studies reporting BOI in TSC patients. Most studies (21) reported health care resource use, while 14 studies reported quality of life and 10 studies mentioned costs associated with TSC. Only eight research papers reported caregiver BOI. Substantial BOI occurs from most manifestations of the disorder, particularly from pharmacoresistant epilepsy, neuropsychiatric, renal and skin manifestations. While less frequent, pulmonary complications also lead to a high individual BOI. The range for the mean annual direct costs varied widely between 424 and 98,008 International Dollar purchasing power parities (PPP-$). Brain surgery, end-stage renal disease with dialysis, and pulmonary complications all incur particularly high costs. There is a dearth of information regarding indirect costs in TSC. Mortality overall is increased compared to general population; and most TSC related deaths occur as a result of complications from seizures as well as renal complications. Long term studies report mortality between 4.8 and 8.3% for a follow-up of 8 to 17.4 years.
Conclusions: TSC patients and their caregivers have a high burden of illness, and TSC patients incur high costs in health care systems. At the same time, the provision of inadequate treatment that does not adhere to published guidelines is common and centralized TSC care is received by no more than half of individuals who need it, especially adults. Further studies focusing on the cost effectiveness and BOI outcomes of coordinated TSC care as well as of new treatment options such as mTOR inhibitors are necessary.
Background: Berotralstat (BCX7353) is an oral, once-daily inhibitor of plasma kallikrein in development for the prophylaxis of hereditary angioedema (HAE) attacks.
Objective: Our aim was to determine the efficacy, safety, and tolerability of berotralstat in patients with HAE over a 24-week treatment period (the phase 3 APeX-2 trial).
Methods: APeX-2 was a double-blind, parallel-group study that randomized patients at 40 sites in 11 countries 1:1:1 to receive once-daily berotralstat in a dose of 110 mg or 150 mg or placebo (Clinicaltrials.gov identifier NCT03485911). Patients aged 12 years or older with HAE due to C1 inhibitor deficiency and at least 2 investigator-confirmed HAE attacks in the first 56 days of a prospective run-in period were eligible. The primary efficacy end point was the rate of investigator-confirmed HAE attacks during the 24-week treatment period.
Results: A total of 121 patients were randomized; 120 of them received at least 1 dose of the study drug (n = 41, 40, and 39 in the 110-mg dose of berotralstat, 150-mg of dose berotralstat, and placebo groups, respectively). Berotralstat demonstrated a significant reduction in attack rate at both 110 mg (1.65 attacks per month; P = .024) and 150 mg (1.31 attacks per month; P < .001) relative to placebo (2.35 attacks per month). The most frequent treatment-emergent adverse events that occurred more with berotralstat than with placebo were abdominal pain, vomiting, diarrhea, and back pain. No drug-related serious treatment-emergent adverse events occurred.
Conclusion: Both the 110-mg and 150-mg doses of berotralstat reduced HAE attack rates compared with placebo and were safe and generally well tolerated. The most favorable benefit-to-risk profile was observed at a dose of 150 mg per day.
Die Bestimmung von Procalcitonin im Serum stellt einen wesentlichen Bestandteil der Diagnostik, Verlaufskontrolle und Therapieüberwachung septischer Infektionen dar. Das Procalcitonin ist ein Marker, der in der Diagnostik von Infektionen, schweren Entzündungen und Sepsis wertvolle und therapieentscheidende Aussagen ermöglicht. Er sollte allerdings nicht zum Screening asymptomatischer Personen im Rahmen arbeitsmedizinischer Vorsorgen oder sog. Manager-Untersuchungen genutzt werden, sondern lediglich beim klinischen Verdacht einer vorliegenden systemischen Infektion bei entsprechenden Symptomen.
Die Bestimmung von ACE im Serum oder Heparinplasma stellt einen wesentlichen Bestandteil der Diagnostik, Verlaufskontrolle und Therapieüberwachung von benignen Lungenerkrankungen dar. ACE ist ein Marker, der bei Sarkoidose wertvolle Aussagen zur Diagnosefindung ermöglicht. Hier zeichnet er sich durch hohe Sensitivität und Spezifität aus.
Aufgrund wachsender Evidenz zu guten Langzeitergebnissen und geringen Komplikationsraten gewinnt die Prostataarterienembolisation (PAE) in der Therapie des Benignen Prostatasyndroms an Bedeutung. Durch ihren hohen technischen Anspruch bedarf es im Vorfeld einer umfassenden Untersuchung der Beckengefäßanatomie. Das Vorliegen eines zum Teil jungen Patientenkollektivs rückt zudem das Einsparen von Strahlung in den Fokus. In diesem Rahmen gewinnt die Magnet-Resonanz-Angiografie (MRA) an Aufmerksamkeit. Obwohl bereits erste Studien Erfolg versprechen, wird die MRA zur PAE-Planung zum Teil kritisch betrachtet, da sie aufwändiger und in der Auflösung unterlegen sei. In dieser Arbeit wurde untersucht, welche Vorteile die MRA im Zuge der PAE-Planung bietet und ob die klinische Effektivität der PAE unbeeinträchtigt bleibt. Weiterhin wurde untersucht, ob eine erfolgreiche MRA-geführte Planung die benötigte Strahlendosis reduziert.
In diese retrospektive Analyse wurden 56 Patienten, die zwischen Januar 2017 und April 2018 im Frankfurter Institut für Diagnostische und Interventionelle Radiologie eine PAE erhielten und bei denen ein vollständiger, die Interventionszeit und Strahlungsparameter umfassender Datensatz sowie eine MRA vor der PAE vorlagen, eingeschlossen. Zusätzlich wurden mittels International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS), Quality of Life (QoL) und International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF) klinische Daten vor und nach der PAE erhoben. In der Magnet-Resonanz-Tomografie (MRT) vor der PAE wurden das Prostatavolumen, die Intravesical Prostatic Protrusion (IPP) und der Prostatic Urethral Angle (PUA) untersucht. Zur Analyse der Prostataarterie wurden Maximum Intensity Projection (MIP) und ein dreidimensionales Modell verwendet. Um die Auswirkungen einer erfolgreichen Urspungsanalyse auf Interventionszeit und Strahlungsparameter zu untersuchen, wurden diese Faktoren zwischen zwei Gruppen verglichen. In der ersten Gruppe konnte die Prostataarterie mittels MRA ermittelt werden, in der zweiten Gruppe war dies v.a. aufgrund von technischen Mängeln der Bildakquisition nicht möglich.
Der Nachweis des Ursprungs gelang bei 84,73% (111 von 131) der Prostataarterien, davon entsprangen 52,25% der A. pudenda interna, 18,92% zusammen mit der A. vesicalis superior, 13,51% seltenen Ursprüngen, 10,81% der A. obturatoria und 4,51% der vorderen Division der A. iliaca interna unterhalb der A. vesicalis inferior. Die Gruppe mit erfolgreicher Ursprungsanalyse mittels MRA zeigte signifikant geringere Werte in Fluoroskopiezeit (-26,96%, p = 0,0282), Dosisflächenprodukt (-38,04%, p = 0,0025) und Eingangsdosis (-37,10%, p = 0,0020). Die PAE bedingte eine signifikante Verbesserung in IPSS (p < 0,0001), Lebensqualität (p < 0,0001) und IIEF (p = 0,0016), dabei konnte der von den Patienten angegebene IPSS-Wert um durchschnittlich 9,42 Punkte (-43,37%) und der QoL-Wert um 2 Punkte (-50,00%) reduziert werden. Das Prostatavolumen (p < 0,0001), IPP (p = 0,0004) und PUA (p < 0,0001) zeigten sich ebenfalls signifikant reduziert. Das Volumen der Prostata schrumpfte um 4,92 ml (-8,35%), die IPP um 1,2 mm (-9,2%) und der PUA um 5,5° (-8,10%). Signifikante Zusammenhänge konnten zwischen IPSS- und QoL-Reduktion (p < 0,0001, r = 0,7555), sowie zwischen Höhe des IPSS vor der PAE und der absoluten IPSS-Reduktion (p = 0,0041, r = -0,4434) nachgewiesen werden.
Die MRA ermöglicht eine strahlungsfreie Analyse des Abgangs der Prostataarterie. Durch diese Auswertung konnte die benötigte Strahlendosis signifikant reduziert werden. Die MRA-geplante PAE erzielte eine deutliche Verbesserung der Symptomatik und der Lebensqualität. Die erektile Funktion konnte signifikant verbessert werden. Prostatavolumen, IPP und PUA zeigten zwar signifikante Veränderungen, wiesen jedoch keinen Zusammenhang zu klinischen Entwicklungen auf. Zwischen dem Ausgangsvolumen der Prostata und dem klinischen Ergebnis konnte ebenfalls keine signifikante Korrelation festgestellt werden, jedoch scheint der Ausgangswert des IPSS eine prädiktive Funktion zu haben.
Die MRA-geplante PAE ist klinisch effektiv und ermöglicht durch die Analyse der Prostataarterie eine Reduktion der benötigten Strahlung. Zusammen mit der MRT unterstützt sie die Indikationsstellung und Planung der PAE.
In higher concentrations, the blood pressure regulating hormone angiotensin II leads to vasoconstriction, hypertension, and oxidative stress by activating NADPH oxidases which are a major enzymatic source of reactive oxygen species (ROS). With the help of knockout animals, the impact of the three predominant NADPH oxidases present in the kidney, i.e., Nox1, Nox2 and Nox4 on angiotensin II-induced oxidative damage was studied. Male wildtype (WT) C57BL/6 mice, Nox1-, Nox2- and Nox4-deficient mice were equipped with osmotic minipumps, delivering either vehicle (PBS) or angiotensin II, for 28 days. Angiotensin II increased blood pressure and urinary albumin levels significantly in all treated mouse strains. In Nox1 knockout mice these increases were significantly lower than in WT, or Nox2 knockout mice. In WT mice, angiotensin II also raised systemic oxidative stress, ROS formation and DNA lesions in the kidney. A local significantly increased ROS production was also found in Nox2 and Nox4 knockout mice but not in Nox1 knockout mice who further had significantly lower systemic oxidative stress and DNA damage than WT animals. Nox2 and Nox4 knockout mice had increased basal DNA damage, concealing possible angiotensin II-induced increases. In conclusion, in the kidney, Nox1 seemed to play a role in angiotensin II-induced DNA damage.
Cisplatin, which induces DNA damage, is standard chemotherapy for advanced bladder cancer (BCa). However, efficacy is limited due to resistance development. Since artesunate (ART), a derivative of artemisinin originating from Traditional Chinese Medicine, has been shown to exhibit anti-tumor activity, and to inhibit DNA damage repair, the impact of artesunate on cisplatin-resistant BCa was evaluated. Cisplatin-sensitive (parental) and cisplatin-resistant BCa cells, RT4, RT112, T24, and TCCSup, were treated with ART (1–100 µM). Cell growth, proliferation, and cell cycle phases were investigated, as were apoptosis, necrosis, ferroptosis, autophagy, metabolic activity, and protein expression. Exposure to ART induced a time- and dose-dependent significant inhibition of tumor cell growth and proliferation of parental and cisplatin-resistant BCa cells. This inhibition was accompanied by a G0/G1 phase arrest and modulation of cell cycle regulating proteins. ART induced apoptos is by enhancing DNA damage, especially in the resistant cells. ART did not induce ferroptosis, but led to a disturbance of mitochondrial respiration and ATP generation. This impairment correlated with autophagy accompanied by a decrease in LC3B-I and an increase in LC3B-II. Since ART significantly inhibits proliferative and metabolic aspects of cisplatin-sensitive and cisplatin-resistant BCa cells, it may hold potential in treating advanced and therapy-resistant BCa.