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Multivariate statistical analyses are used to distinguish species in the genera Montastraea and Solenastrea through a continuous Neogene sequence (five Ma time interval) in the Cibao Valley of the northern Dominican Republic. Some older (by approximately 10 Ma) material from the same region also is included in the analyses. The material consists of approximately 280 colonies of Montastraea (74 of which are measured) from a total of 59 localities, and 66 colonies of Solenastrea (15 of which are measured) from a total of 37 localities. Twelve additional colonies of Montastraea from the Vokes' collections of the same localities are also measured, and added to the data set. The material is first sorted into the two genera on the basis of qualitative examination of septal structure, the structure of the columella and associated paliform lobes, and the texture of the coenosteum. Sixteen characters consisting of linear distances and counts are measured in transverse thin-sections of ten corallites per colony in Montastraea; ten similar characters are measured on the upper surface of ten calices per colony in Solenastrea. The data are analyzed using cluster and canonical discriminant analysis to group the colonies into clusters representing species. Seven species are so defined in Montastraea and two in Solenastrea. These groupings are then used statistically to reclassify type specimens for 12 of the 17 described species of Montastraea and four of the seven described species of Solenastrea. Three of the 12 species are synonymized in Montastraea, and two of the four species are synonymized in Solenastrea. Further qualitative study of the remaining types suggests that nine species of Montastraea and two species of Solenastrea existed altogether in the Caribbean during the Neogene. The stratigraphic range of two of the seven Dominican Republic species of Montastraea is shown to extend back to the Oligocene. Another of the Dominican Republic species is found to exist today, and is widely distributed throughout the Caribbean. Of the nine Neogene Caribbean species, only this species survived the Plio-Pleistocene extinction event. Only one species of Mantastmea is found to be endemic to the Dominican Republic. One of the remaining three species of Montastraea also has a limited stratigraphic distribution and appears confined to the southern Caribbean. Both species of Solenastrea appear to range from the Early Neogene to the Recent, and are widely distributed throughout the Caribbean. Trends within each species of Montastraea are analyzed through the sequence using nonparametric statistical procedures. Significant changes are detected upsection for at least four of the seven species in character complexes related to corallite size, septal development, and coenosteum development; however, significant correlations with species diversity suggest that these trends may be environmental in origin. Occurrence data suggest that two of the seven species of Montastraea may be indicative of shallow, nearshore conditions, whereas another two may be confined to muddy, and presumably deeper, patch reeflocalities. When data spanning the Oligocene to Recent are analyzed, significant directional trends are detected in one of the three longerranging Dominican Republic species; however, the amount of change does not exceed that observed within modern species. This suggests that, despite an apparent zigzag pattern, net stasis may be the rule in Montastraea. This study represents part of a multidisciplinary project on the paleontology and stratigraphy of the northern Dominican Republic, coordinated by P. Jung and J. B. Saunders of the Naturhistorisches Museum in Basel, Switzerland.
Multivariate statistical procedures are used to distinguish species in the reef-coral genus Stephanocoenia through a continuous Neogene sequence (five-million year time interval) in the Cibao Valley of the northern Dominican Republic. This genus is the only member of the family Astrocoeniidae that occurs in the sequence. The material consists of 56 colonies (17 of which are measured) from 24 localities in four river sections, the most important being Rio Gurabo and Rio Cana. Ten characters are measured on each of 10 corallites per colony. The data are analyzed using cluster and canonical discriminant analysis to group colonies into clusters representing species. Identical measurements on modem colonies collected near Discovery Bay, Jamaica are included for comparison. Two fossil species are defined in the analysis, one of which is new (Stephanocoenia duncani, n. sp.). Both species are significantly distinct from the single modem species (S. intersepla) that is the sole living representative of the genus. Study of collections from other reef localities shows that both fossil species occur only during Neogene time and only at a limited number of localities. Patterns within each species are traced up a composite stratigraphic section using nonparametric statistical analyses. One of the two fossil species (S. spongiformis) is found to remain stable through time, whereas the other (S. duncam) changes its morphology in a direction approaching the cluster for the modem species. Further study of patterns of variation within the one modern and two fossil clusters shows that intraspecific variation is unusually complicated in this genus. The clusters overlap, and colonies within each cluster differ widely. Variation between populations within the modem species occurs in the same characters as those which distinguish the modem species from the fossil species converging with it (S. duncam). However, these two species form a morphologic continuum that cannot be explained by environment alone. Therefore, they may represent two gradually intergrading chronospecies within one lineage. Of the two fossil species of Stephanocoenia defined, one species (s. spongiformis) exhibits an evolutionary pattem similar to that observed in the family Poritidae. In this pattern, species were found to have short durations and stable morphologies and to have become extinct during the mid- to late Pliocene through early Pleistocene mass extinction. In contrast, the second species of Slephanocaenia (S. duncam) may have evolved over a long time period, possibly forming chronospecies that survived the mass extinction. Unlike genera in the Poritidae, however, no radiation of taxa occurred in the genus after the extinction event. Since no consistent relationship has been discovered between morphology and environment in these corals with the data at hand, their paleoecologic value can only be determined after data on more taxa are collected, and their associations with other corals are studied. This study represents part of a multidisciplinary project on the stratigraphy and paleontology of the northern Dominican Republic, coordinated by P. Jung and J. B. Saunders of the Naturhistorisches Museum Basel, Switzerland.
Two salts of the 6,6-difluoro-6H-dibenzo[c,e][1,2]oxaborinin-6-ide anion with different cations
(2020)
The crystal structures are reported of the 6,6-difluoro-6H-dibenzo[c,e][1,2]oxaborinin-6-ide (or 9,9-difluoro-10-oxa-9-boraphenanthren-9-ide) anion with two different cations, namely, potassium 6,6-difluoro-6H-dibenzo[c,e][1,2]oxaborinin-6-ide, K+·C12H8BF2O−, (II), featuring a polymeric structure, and bis(tetraphenylphosphonium) bis(6,6-difluoro-6H-dibenzo[c,e][1,2]oxaborinin-6-ide) acetonitrile trisolvate, 2C24H20P+·2C12H8BF2O−·3CH3CN, (III), which is composed of discrete cations, anions and acetonitrile solvent molecules linked by C—H...O, C—H...N and C—H...F hydrogen bonds. There are only minor differences in the geometrical parameters of the anions in these structures.
Kanada ist ein offiziell zweisprachiges Land, in dem der Dualismus von Englisch und Französisch Geschichte hat. Die Frankophonie in Kanada ist in den letzten 20 Jahren in Bewegung geraten: Wirtschaftswandel und Migration aus französischsprachigen Ländern haben ihre soziale Struktur deutlich verändert. Damit einher geht auch ein Wandel in der Politik: Die Basis-Alphabetisierung für frankophone Erwachsene hat Priorität, um damit die Voraussetzung für bessere ökonomische Chancen zu schaffen. Dagegen rücken kulturelle Interessen, wie sie noch in den 1980er Jahren eine wesentliche Rolle für die "Selbstidentifikation" der Frankophonen spielten, in den Hintergrund.
For genus g=2i≥4 and the length g−1 partition μ=(4,2,…,2,−2,…,−2) of 0, we compute the first coefficients of the class of D¯¯¯¯(μ) in PicQ(R¯¯¯¯g), where D(μ) is the divisor consisting of pairs [C,η]∈Rg with η≅OC(2x1+x2+⋯+xi−1−xi−⋯−x2i−1) for some points x1,…,x2i−1 on C. We further provide several enumerative results that will be used for this computation.
For genus g=2i≥4 and the length g−1 partition μ=(4,2,…,2,−2,…,−2) of 0, we compute the first coefficients of the class of D¯¯¯¯(μ) in PicQ(R¯¯¯¯g), where D(μ) is the divisor consisting of pairs [C,η]∈Rg with η≅OC(2x1+x2+⋯+xi−1−xi−⋯−x2i−1) for some points x1,…,x2i−1 on C. We further provide several enumerative results that will be used for this computation.
Mit der Neuregelung der Studienplatzverteilung von 2005 haben die Universitäten in Deutschland die Möglichkeit, bis zu 60% der Studienplätze nach universitätseigenen Kriterien zu vergeben. Implizit wird vom Gesetzgeber und der öffentlichen Meinung gefordert, nicht-leistungsbezogene Kriterien und Persönlichkeitsmerkmale verstärkt zur Bewerberauswahl einzusetzen (Motivation, Identifikation, Vermeidung von Fehlvorstellungen). Da in Anbetracht der Bewerberzahlen mündliche Auswahlgespräche als ungeeignet erscheinen, wurde vom Fachbereich Medizin der Johann Wolfgang Goethe Universität ein Fragebogen entworfen, um nichtschulische Leistungen zu erfassen. Dieser Fragebogen wurde am Beginn des Wintersemesters 2005/2006 von allen Studienanfängern der JWG-Universität Frankfurt und der Medizinischen Universität Innsbruck ausgefüllt. Entgegen der initialen Erwartungen der Verfasser gaben nur etwa 15% Prozent Medizin-spezifische berufliche Vorerfahrungen an (Rettungsdienst, Ausbildung als Krankenschwester/pfleger oder ähnliches); dagegen wurden von etwa 60% angegeben, mindestens ein Musikinstrument zu spielen oder länger sportlich aktiv gewesen zu sein. Die Zusammenstellung der Selbstangaben zeigt, dass Medizin-relevante Vorkenntnisse nur bei einem kleinen Anteil der Studienbewerber in größerem Umfang vorhanden sind. Aufgrund der großen Streuung in der Art und Dauer der angegebenen Vorleistungen sollte die Erhebung von Parametern zur Beurteilung von soft skills, z.B. durch Online-Fragebogen, als (Vor)Selektionsinstrument nur sehr vorsichtig eingesetzt werden.
Unter welchen Bedingungen erlangen Wissensansprüche Geltung oder nicht? Dieser Frage geht das interdisziplinäre Forschungsnetzwerk "Wissensgeltung" an der Universität Heidelberg nach. Literaturtheoretisch relevante Aspekte der Forschungen des Netzwerks werden hier anhand einer Studie zur zeitgenössischen Literaturkritik unter der Frage "Was ist Literatur wert?" vorgestellt.
"Entre direitos iguais, a força decide", proferiu karl marx ao descrever a antinomia do direito em situações antagônicas das relações de produção capitalistas, em que "o direito [oferece resistência] ao direito" nesse ponto, marx aborda uma questão que se situa no centro de todas as teorias jurídicas críticas: que tipo de violência é velada por meio do mecanismo de ocultação denominado "direito"? Para responder a esta questão, tentar-se-á, a seguir, tornar a teoria da hegemonia de antonio gramsci e seu modelo de direito hegemônico produtivos para o campo da teoria do direito. Tal tarefa tem de lidar com a dupla dificuldade de que, por um lado, gramsci não foi um teórico do direito no sentido mais estrito, razão pela qual o potencial de sua teoria para uma análise do direito raramente foi utilizada. Por outro lado, sua abordagem só pode ser empregada por meio de uma crítica às restrições relacionadas a seu tempo. isso se aplica especialmente à sua concepção de economia como a base e a núcleo essencialista oculto (laclau; mouffe, 2001:69), assim como à sua ideia de 'classismo' sob a forma de um enfoque unilateral das classes, em que há preferencialmente mais de um "pluralismo de poder" e inúmeras lutas (litowitz, 2000: 536). Recuperar-se-á, consequentemente, argumentos-chave, ampliando-os pela utilização das recentes descobertas feitas pelas abordagens feminista e neomaterialista da teoria jurídica, bem como as análises de foucault acerca das tecnologias de poder. por fim, uma interpretação da teoria sistêmica das autonomizações comunicativas.