Refine
Year of publication
- 2012 (28) (remove)
Document Type
- Doctoral Thesis (28) (remove)
Has Fulltext
- yes (28)
Is part of the Bibliography
- no (28)
Keywords
- ALICE (1)
- ALICE, Teilchendetektor (1)
- Activation (1)
- Blei (1)
- Correlated systems (1)
- Density functional theory (1)
- Dynamical mean field theory (1)
- Fluka (1)
- HLT (1)
- Hadronenjet (1)
Institute
- Physik (28) (remove)
In this thesis, various aspects on the theoretical description of ultracold bosonic atoms in optical lattices are investigated. After giving a brief introduction to the fundamental concepts of BECs, atomic physics, interatomic interactions and experimental procedures in chapter (1), we derive the Bose-Hubbard model from first principles in chapter (2). In this chapter, we also introduce and discuss a technique to efficiently determine Wannier states, which, in contrast to current techniques, can also be extended to inhomogeneous systems. This technique is later extended to higher dimensional, non-separable lattices in chapter (5). The many-body physics and phases of the Bose-Hubbard is shortly presented in chapter (3) in conjunction with Gutzwiller mean-field theory, and the recently devised projection operator approach. We then return to the derivation of an improved microscopic many-body Hamiltonian, which contains higher band contributions in the presence of interactions in chapter (4). We then move on to many-particle theory. To demonstrate the conceptual relations required in the following chapter, we derive Bogoliubov theory in chapter (5.3.4) in three different ways and discuss the connections. Furthermore, this derivation goes beyond the usual version discussed in most textbooks and papers, as it accounts for the fact, that the quasi-particle Hamiltonian is not diagonalizable in the condensate and the eigenvectors have to be completed by additional vectors to form a basis. This leads to a qualitatively different quasi-particle Hamiltonian and more intricate transformation relations as a result. In the following two chapters (7, 8), we derive an extended quasi-particle theory, which goes beyond Bogoliubov theory and is not restricted to weak interactions or a large condensate fraction. This quasi-particle theory naturally contains additional modes, such as the amplitude mode in the strongly interacting condensate. Bragg spectroscopy, a momentum-resolved spectroscopic technique, is introduced and used for the first experimental detection of the amplitude mode at finite quasi-momentum in chapter (9). The closely related lattice modulation spectroscopy is discussed in chapter (10). The results of a time-dependent simulation agree with experimental data, suggesting that also the amplitude mode, and not the sound mode, was probed in these experiments. In chapter (11) the dynamics of strongly interacting bosons far from equilibrium in inhomogeneous potentials is explored. We introduce a procedure that, in conjunction with the collapse and revival of the condensate, can be used to create exotic condensates, while particularly focusing on the case of a quadratic trapping potential. Finally, in chapter (12), we turn towards the physics of disordered systems derive and discuss in detail the stochastic mean-field theory for the disordered Bose-Hubbard model.
With the increasing energies and intensities of heavy-ion accelerator facilities, the problem of an excessive activation of the accelerator components caused by beam losses becomes more and more important. Numerical experiments using Monte Carlo transport codes are performed in order to assess the levels of activation. The heavy-ion versions of the codes were released approximately a decade ago, therefore the verification is needed to be sure that they give reasonable results. Present work is focused on obtaining the experimental data on activation of the targets by heavy-ion beams. Several experiments were performed at GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung. The interaction of nitrogen, argon and uranium beams with aluminum targets, as well as interaction of nitrogen and argon beams with copper targets was studied. After the irradiation of the targets by different ion beams from the SIS18 synchrotron at GSI, the γ-spectroscopy analysis was done: the γ-spectra of the residual activity were measured, the radioactive nuclides were identified, their amount and depth distribution were detected. The obtained experimental results were compared with the results of the Monte Carlo simulations using FLUKA, MARS and SHIELD. The discrepancies and agreements between experiment and simulations are pointed out. The origin of discrepancies is discussed. Obtained results allow for a better verification of the Monte Carlo transport codes, and also provide information for their further development. The necessity of the activation studies for accelerator applications is discussed. The limits of applicability of the heavy-ion beam-loss criteria were studied using the FLUKA code. FLUKA-simulations were done to determine the most preferable from the radiation protection point of view materials for use in accelerator components.
The study of systems whose properties are governed by electronic correlations is a corner stone of modern solid-state physics. Often, such systems feature unique and distinct properties like Mott metal-insulator transitions, rich phase diagrams, and high sensitivity to subtle changes in the applied conditions. Whereas the standard approach to electronic structure calculations, density functional theory (DFT), is able to address the complexity of real-world materials but is known to have serious limitations in the description of correlations, the dynamical mean-field theory (DMFT) has become an established method for the treatment of correlated fermions, first on the level of minimal models and later in combination with DFT, termed LDA+DMFT.
This thesis presents theoretical calculations on different materials exhibiting correlated physics, where we aim at covering a range in terms of systems --from rather weakly correlated to strongy correlated-- as well as in terms of methods, from DFT calculations to combined LDA+DMFT calculations. We begin with a study on a selection of iron pnictides, a recently discovered family of high-temperature superconductors with varying degree of correlation strength, and show that their magnetic and optical properties can be assessed to some degree within DFT, despite the correlated nature of these systems. Next, extending our analysis to the inclusion of correlations in the framework of LDA+DMFT, we discuss the electronic structure of the iron pnictide LiFeAs which we find to be well described by Fermi liquid theory with regard to many of its properties, yet we see distinct changes in its Fermi surface upon inclusion of correlations. We continue the study of low-energy properties and specifically Fermi surfaces on two more iron pnictides, LaFePO and LiFeP, and predict a topology change of their Fermi surfaces due to the effect of correlations, with possible implications for their superconducting properties. In our last study, we close the circle by presenting LDA+DMFT calculations on an organic molecular crystal on the verge of a Mott metal-insulator transition; there, we find the spectral and optical properties to display signatures of strong electronic correlations beyond Fermi liquid theory.
The objective of this work is twofold. First, we explore the performance of the density functional theory (DFT) when it is applied to solids with strong electronic correlations, such as transition metal compounds. Along this direction, particular effort is put into the refinement and development of parameterization techniques for deriving effective models on a basis of DFT calculations. Second, within the framework of the DFT, we address a number of questions related to the physics of Mott insulators, such as magnetic frustration and electron-phonon coupling (Cs2CuCl4 and Cs2CuBr4), high-temperature superconductivity (BSCCO) and doping of Mott insulators (TiOCl). In the frustrated antiferromagnets Cs2CuCl4 and Cs2CuBr4, we investigate the interplay between strong electronic correlations and magnetism on one hand and electron-lattice coupling on the other as well as the effect of this interplay on the microscopic model parameters. Another object of our investigations is the oxygen-doped cuprate superconductor BSCCO, where nano-scale electronic inhomogeneities have been observed in scanning tunneling spectroscopy experiments. By means of DFT and many-body calculations, we analyze the connection between the structural and electronic inhomogeneities and the superconducting properties of BSCCO. We use the DFT and molecular dynamic simulations to explain the microscopic origin of the persisting under doping Mott insulating state in the layered compound TiOCl.
Zellulare Nichtlineare Netzwerke bzw. Zellulare Neuronale Netzwerke, sogenannte CNN, wurden 1988 von L.O. Chua und L.Yang eingeführt und seither intensiv untersucht. Diese sind als Simulations-Software und als schaltungstechnische Realisierungen, in Hardware, verfügbar.
Als analog arbeitende Hardware Schaltungen können diese Netzwerke erhebliche Rechenleistungen erzielen.
Durch ihren Aufbau ermöglichen sie eine parallele Daten- und Signalverarbeitung.
Eine Einführung in CNN wird gegeben und das EyeRIS 1.1 Systems des Unternehmens ANAFOCUS Ltd. vorgestellt.
Das EyeRIS 1.1 System ist mit einem analog arbeitenden Focal Plane Prozessor (FPP) und einem digitalen Prozessor ausgestattet, wobei der Focal Plane Prozessor auch als Kamera zur Aufnahme von Bildern und Bildsequenzen benutzt werden kann.
Dies ermöglicht es, analoge CNN-Algorithmen zusammen mit digitalen Algorithmen auf einem System zu implementieren und so die Vorteile beider Ansätze zu nutzen. Der Datenaustausch zwischen dem analogen und digitalem Teil des EyeRIS 1.1 Systems geschieht mittels digital/analog und analog/digital Wandlung. Es werden Algorithmen auf dem EyeRIS 1.1 System untersucht und mit Ergebnissen die mittels Simulationen erzeugt wurden verglichen.
In Voruntersuchungen werden die Darstellungsgenauigkeit von Werten im analogen Teil des EyeRIS 1.1 Systems und die Verarbeitungsgeschwindigkeiten des EyeRIS 1.1 Systems untersucht.
Im Weiteren wird besonderes Augenmerk auf medizinische und technische Anwendungsgebiete gelegt werden.
Im medizinischen Anwendungsbereich wird die Implementierung von Algorithmen zur Vorhersage epileptischer Anfälle untersucht.
Hierfür wird ein evolutionär motiviertes Optimierungsverfahren entwicklet und auf dem EyeRIS 1.1-System implementiert.
Hierbei werden Simulationen durchgeführt und mit Ergebnissen, die mittels Verwendung des EyeRIS 1.1 Systems erlangt wurden, verglichen.
Ein zweites Verfahren geht die Signalanalyse für die Vorhersage auf dem EyeRIS 1.1-System mittels Mustererkennung an.
Das Mustererkennungsverfahren wird eingehend beschrieben sowie die hierbei zu beachtenden Randbedingungen erläutert.
Die Ergebnisse zeigen, daß Algorithmen zur Vorhersage von epileptischen Anfällen auf schaltungstechnichen Realisierungen von CNN implementiert werden können.
Im technischen Bereich wird die Anwendbarkeit auf die Problemstellung der Bildverarbeitung gelegt und die Möglichkeit von CNN basierten Algorithmen zur Erkennung von Prozessparametern bei Laserschweißverfahren untersucht. Ein solcher Prozessparameter ist das sogenannte Key-Hole, welches in Bildsequenzen von Laserschweißprozessen als ein Maß für die zu erwartende Qualität einer Schweißnaht herangezogen werden kann. Ein CNN basierter Algorithmus für die Erkennung solcher Key-Holes wird in dieser Arbeit vorgestellt und untersucht.
Für die Überwachung eines Laserschweißverfahrens wird der entwickelte Algorithmius und seine Funktionsweise beschrieben.
Dieser wird in Teilalgorithmen auf die analog bzw. digital arbeitenden Komponenten des EyeRIS 1.1 Systems verteilt.
Die Teilalgorithmen und die möglichen Aufteilungen und deren Laufzeitverhalten werden beschrieben und untersucht.
Die Ergebnisse der Untersuchung zeigen, daß eine Prozessüberwachung mittels CNN möglich ist und heben die Vorteile hervor, welche die Bildaufnahme und -verarbeitung mittels analoger CNN-Hardware bietet.
Eine Untersuchung des Laufzeitverhaltens auf Grafikkarten Prozessoren (GPU's) wird im Anhang vorgestellt.
The central goal of this investigation is to describe the dynamic reaction of a multicellular tumour spheroid to treatment with radiotherapy. A focus will be on the triggered dynamic cell cycle reaction in the spheroid and how it can be employed within fractionated radiation schedules.
An agent-based model for cancer cells is employed which features inherent cell cycle progression and reactions to environmental conditions. Cells are represented spatially by a weighted, dynamic and kinetic Voronoi/Delaunay model which also provides for the identification of cells in contact within the multicellular aggregate. Force-based interaction between cells will lead to rearrangement in response to proliferation and can induce cell quiescence via a mechanism of pressure-induced contact inhibition. The evolution of glucose and oxygen concentration inside the tumour spheroid is tracked in a diffusion solver in correspondence to in vitro or in vivo boundary conditions and a corresponding local nutrient uptake by single cells.
Radiation effects are implemented based on the measured single cell survival in the linear-quadratic model. The survival probability will be affected by the radiosensitivity of the current cycle phase and the local oxygen concentration. Quiescent cells will reduce the effective dose they receive as a consequence of their increased radioresistance. The radiation model includes a fast response to fatal DNA damage through cell apoptosis and a slow response via cell loss due to misrepair during the radiation-induced G2-block.
A simplified model for drug delivery in chemotherapy is implemented.
The model can describe the growth dynamics of spheroids in accordance to experimental data, including total number of cells, histological structure and cell cycle distribution. Investigations of possible mechanisms for growth saturation reveal a critical dependence of tumour growth on the shedding rate of cells from the surface.
In response to a dose of irradiation, a synchronisation of the cell cycle progression within the tumour is observed. This will lead to cyclic changes in the overall radiation sensitivity of the tumour which are quantified using an enhancement measure in comparison to the expected radiosensitivity of he tumour. A transient strong peak in radiosensitivity enhancement is observed after administration of irradiation. Mechanisms which influence the peak timing and development are systematically investigated, revealing quiescence and reactivation of cells to be a central mechanism for the enhancement.
Direct redistribution of cells due to different survival in cell cycle phases, re-activation of quiescent cells in response to radiation-induced cell death and blocking of DNA damaged cells at the G2/M checkpoint are identified as the main mechanisms which contribute to a synchronisation and determine the radiosensitivity increase. A typical time scale for the development of radiosensitivity and the relaxation of tumours to a steady-state after irradiation is identified, which is related to the typical total cell cycle time.
A range of clinical radiotherapy schedules is tested for their performance within the simulation and a systematic comparison with alternative delivery schedules is performed, in order to identify schedules which can most effectively employ the described transient enhancement effects. In response to high-dose schedules, a dissolution of the tumour spheroid into smaller aggregates can be observed which is a result of the loss of integrity in the spheroid that is associated with high cell death via apoptosis. Fractionated irradiation of spheroids with constant dose per time unit but different inter-fraction times clearly reveals optimal time-intervals for radiation, which are directly related to the enhancement response of the tumour.
In order to test the use of triggered enhancement effects in tumours, combinations of trigger- and effector doses are examined for their performance in specific treatment regimens. Furthermore, the automatic identification and triggering in response to high enhancement periods in the tumour is analysed.
While triggered schedules and automatic schedules both yield a higher treatment efficiency in comparison to conventional schedules, treatment optimisation is a revealed to be a global problem, which cannot be sufficiently solved using local optimisation only.
The spatio-temporal dynamics of hypoxia in the tumour are studied in response to irradiation. Microscopic, diffusion-induced reoxygenation dynamics are demonstrated to be on a typical time-scale which is in the order of fractionation intervals. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy with hydroxyurea can yield a drastic improvement of radiosensitivity via cell cycle synchronisation and specific toxicity against radioresistant S-phase cells.
The model makes clear predictions of radiation schedules which are especially effective as a result of triggered cell cycle-based radiosensitivity enhancement. Division of radiation into trigger and effector doses is highly effective and especially suited to be combined with adjuvant chemotherapy in order to limit regrowth of cells.
Quarkonia are very promising probes to study the quark-gluon plasma. The essential baseline for measurements in heavy-ion collisions is high-precision data from proton-proton interactions. However, the basic mechanisms of quarkonium hadroproduction are still being debated. The most common models, the Color-Singlet Model, the non-relativistic QCD approach and the Color-Evaporation Model, are able to describe most of the available cross-section data, despite of their conceptual differences. New measures, such as the polarization, and data at a new energy regime are crucial to test the competing models. Another issue is an eventual interplay between the production process of a quarkonium state and the surrounding pp event. Current Monte Carlo event generators treat the hard scattering independently from the rest of the so-called underlying event. The investigation of possible correlations with the pp event might be very valuable for a detailed understanding of the production processes. ALICE ist the dedicated heavy-ion experiment at the LHC. Its design has been optimized for high-precision measurements in very high track densities and down to low transverse momenta. ALICE is composed of various different detectors at forward and at central rapidities. The most important detectors for this study are the Inner Tracking System and the Time Projection Chamber, allowing to reconstruct and identify electron candidate tracks within eta < 0.9. The Transition Radiation Detector has not been utilized at this stage of the analysis; however, it will strongly improve the particle identification and provide a dedicated trigger in the upcoming beam periods. ...
The subject of this thesis aimed at a better understanding of the spectacular X-ray burst. The most likely astrophysical site is a very dense neutron star, which accretes H/He-rich matter from a close companion. While falling towards the neutron star, the matter is heated up and a thermonuclear runaway is ignited. The exact description of this process is dominated by the properties of a few proton-rich radioactive isotopes, which have a low interaction probability, hence a high abundance.
The topic of this thesis was therefore an investigation of the short-lived, proton-rich isotopes 31Cl and 32Ar. The Coulomb dissociation method is the modern technique of choice. Excitations with energies up to 20 MeV can be induced by the Lorentz contracted Coulomb field of a lead target. At the GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH in Darmstadt, Germany, a Ar beam was accelerated to an energy of 825 AMeV and fragmented in a beryllium target. The fragment separator was used to select the desired isotopes with a remaining energy of 650 AMeV. They were subsequently directed onto a 208 Pb target in the ALAND/LAND setup. The measurement was performed in inverse kinematics. All reaction products were detected and inclusive and exclusive measurements of the respective Coulomb dissociation cross sections were possible.
During the analysis of the experiment, it was possible to extract the energy-differential excitation spectrum of 31Cl, and to constrain astrophysically important parameters for the time-reversed 30S(p,γ)31Cl reaction. A single resonance at 0.443(37) MeV dominates the stellar reaction rate, which was also deduced and compared to previous calculations.
The integrated Coulomb dissociation cross section of this resonance was determined to 15(6) mb. The astrophysically important one- and two-proton emission channels were analyzed for 32Ar and energy-differential excitation spectra could be derived. The integrated Coulomb dissociation cross section for two proton emission were determined with two different techniques. The inclusive measurement yields a cross section of 214(29stat)(20sys) mb, whereas the exclusive reconstruction results in a cross section of 226(14stat)(23sys) mb. Both results are in very good agreement. The Coulomb dissociation cross section for the one-proton emission channel is extracted solely from the exclusive measurement and is 54(8stat)(6sys) mb.
Furthermore, the development of the Low Energy Neutron detector Array (LENA) for the upcoming R3B setup is described. The detector will be utilized in charge-exchange reactions to detect the low-energy recoil neutrons from (p,n)-type reactions. These reaction studies are of particular importance in the astrophysical context and can be used to constrain half lifes under stellar conditions. In the frame of this work, prototypes of the detector were built and successfully commissioned in several international laboratories.
The analysis was supported by detailed simulations of the detection characteristics.