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In vorliegender Studie wurde lebend und tot gesammeltes Schalenmaterial der Europäischen Flussperlmuschel Margaritifera margaritifera verschiedener Lokalitäten in Schweden, Finnland und Deutschland (bzw. Frankreich) sklerochronologisch und isotopengeochemisch untersucht. Sauerstoffisotopen-Zeitreihen, trendbereinigte und standardisierte stabile Kohlenstoffisotopen-Zeitreihen (SSCI) sowie jährliche Zuwachsraten (SGI-Zeitreihen) jeder der acht Populationen sind zu Compound-Chronologien zusammengefasst und auf Zusammenhänge mit Temperatur, Sonnenflecken-Zyklen und Niederschlag untersucht sowie auf Korrelationen mit verschiedenen Klimaindizes (z.B. dem Dipol der Meeres-Oberflächenwasser Temperatur-Anomalien im Nordatlantik, NADP-SST, und der Nordatlantischen Oszillation, NAO) getestet worden. Im Vergleich ergaben sich für die geglätteten Zeitreihen (25-Jahresfilter) Korrelationskoeffizienten von r = 0,57 (SGI Master-Chronologie und NAO) bzw. r = 0,59 (Master-Chronologie) und NADP-SST. Obwohl weder Isotopendaten noch Zuwachschronologien der Muscheln auf hochfrequenten Signalen hohe Korrelationen mit instrumentellen Messdaten aufweisen, sind dekadische Klimaoszillationen deutlich repräsentiert. Mit zunehmendem Lebensalter nimmt der Schalenzuwachs exponentiell ab. Gleichzeitig nähern sich die d13C-Werte der Schale dem d13CDIC-Wert des Wassers, der bei den hier untersuchten Lokalitäten zwischen -9,3 ‰ und -12,7 ‰ lag. Erst im hohen Lebensalter findet also die Schalenbildung nahezu im kohlenstoffisotopischen Gleichgewicht mit dem umgebenden Medium statt. In der Jugend der Tiere hingegen wirken sich lokalitätsspezifische Trends aus. Extrinsische Faktoren führen zu drei Mustern: 1) Trends hin zu stärker negativen d13C-Werten (um etwa -4,5 ‰) in den Bächen Nuortejaurbäcken (NJB) und Grundträsktjärnbäcken (GTB), 2) Trends hin zu weniger stark negativen d13C-Werten (um etwa +4,5 ‰) in den großen Flüssen (GJ: Görjeån, NWS: Tarn/Frankreich) und 3) Schwankungen um etwa ±1,5 ‰ um einen Mittelwert (RG: Regnitz). Der Einfluss auf die d13C-Trends könnte möglicherweise in Veränderungen der Bioproduktivität begründet sein, da sich diese unmittelbar auf den DIC-Pool des umgebenden Milieus und des Habitats auswirkt. In den Sauerstoffisotopen spiegelte sich die geographische Herkunft des untersuchten Materials wider. Die Chronologien der am nördlichsten gelegenen Populationen wiesen d18OMittelwerte von -11,5 ‰ (GJ), bzw. -9,5 ‰ (NJB, GTB) auf, die RG-Chronologie von -7,9 ‰ und die Zeitreihe der NWS von -5,3 ‰. Im Gegensatz zu anderen Arbeiten zeigten die untersuchten Individuen jedoch keinen statistischen Zusammenhang mit annuellen Temperaturdaten. Als beeinflussende Faktoren kommen die Schneeschmelze und die isotopengeochemische Ausprägung des Habitats (See, Fluss, Bach) in Frage. Eine sehr hohe Korrelation von r = -0,74 (25-Jahresfilter) wurde zwischen der Görjeån-Chronologie (d18OAragonit) und Niederschlagsraten für das in der Nähe des Flusses gelegene Jokkmokk festgestellt.
The main objective of the study presented in this paper was to develop an evaluation scheme which is suitable for spatially explicit groundwater vulnerability assessment according to the Water Framework Directive (WFD). Study area was the Hase river catchment, an area of about 3 000 km2 in north-west Germany which is dominated by livestock farming, in particular pig and poultry production. For the Hase river catchment, the first inventory of the WFD led to the conclusion that 98% of the catchment area is "unclear/unlikely" to reach a good groundwater status due to diffuse nitrogen emissions from agriculture. The groundwater vulnerability assessment was embedded in the PartizipA project ("Participative modelling, Actor and Ecosystem Analysis in Regions with Intensive Agriculture", www.partizipa.net), within which a so-called actors´ platform was established in the study area. The objective of the participatory process was to investigate the effects of the WFD on agriculture as well as to discuss groundwater protection measures which are suitable for an integration in the programme of measures. The study was conducted according to the vulnerability assessment concept of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, considering sensitivity, exposure and adaptive capacity. Sensitivity was computed using the DRASTIC index of natural groundwater pollution potential. Exposure (for a reference scenario) was computed using the STOFFBILANZ nutrient model. Several regional studies were analysed to evaluate the adaptive capacity. From these studies it was concluded that the adaptive capacity in the Hase river catchment is very low due to the economic importance of the agricultural sector which will be significantly affected by groundwater protection measures. As a consequence, the adaptive capacity was not considered any more in the vulnerability assessment. A groundwater vulnerability evaluation scheme is presented which enjoys the advantage that both exposure and sensitivity can be operationalized in a spatially resolved manner (500×500 m grid) by the two models mentioned above. The evaluation scheme was applied in the Hase river catchment. 21% of the catchment was classified as highly vulnerable, another 73% as medium vulnerable. Only 6% of the Hase river catchment has low vulnerability. Grid cells of the high vulnerability class are considered as priority areas for groundwater protection measures in the programme of measures of the WFD. Measures will be particularly effective in the north-eastern part of the catchment where groundwater vulnerability is mainly due to high nitrogen emissions.
Staubwolken sind im Universum die Geburtsstätten neuer Sterne. Dort wiederholen sich Prozesse, die vor 4,56 Milliarden Jahren auch zur Entstehung unseres Sonnensystems geführt haben. Noch heute gibt es Zeugen aus dieser Zeit: Kometenstaub, Sternenstaub und interstellarer Staub. Die »Stardust-Mission« hat sie eingefangen, und Frankfurter Geowissenschaftler haben darin – dank modernster Labor-Analytik – erstaunliche Funde gemacht.
The seasonality of transport and mixing of air into the lowermost stratosphere (LMS) is studied using distributions of mean age of air and a~mass balance approach, based on in-situ observations of SF6 and CO2 during the SPURT (Spurenstofftransport in der Tropopausenregion, trace gas transport in the tropopause region) aircraft campaigns. Combining the information of the mean age of air and the water vapour distributions we demonstrate that the tropospheric air transported into the LMS above the extratropical tropopause layer (ExTL) originates predominantly from the tropical tropopause layer (TTL). The concept of our mass balance is based on simultaneous measurements of the two passive tracers and the assumption that transport into the LMS can be described by age spectra which are superposition of two different modes. Based on this concept we conclude that the stratospheric influence on LMS composition is strongest in April with tropospheric fractions (α1) below 20% and that the strongest tropospheric signatures are found in October with (α1 greater than 80%. Beyond the fractions, our mass balance concept allows to calculate the associated transit times for transport of tropospheric air from the tropics into the LMS. The shortest transit times (<0.3 years) are derived for the summer, continuously increasing up to 0.8 years by the end of spring. These findings suggest that strong quasi-horizontal mixing across the weak subtropical jet from summer to mid of autumn and the considerably shorter residual transport time-scales within the lower branch of the Brewer-Dobson circulation in summer than in winter dominates the tropospheric influence in the LMS until the beginning of next year's summer.
During the APE-THESEO mission in the Indian Ocean the Myasishchev Design Bureau stratospheric research aircraft M55 Geophysica performed a flight over and within the inner core region of tropical cyclone Davina. Measurements of total water, water vapour, temperature, aerosol backscattering, ozone and tracers were made and are discussed here in comparison with the averages of those quantities acquired during the campaign time frame. Temperature anomalies in the tropical tropopause layer (TTL), warmer than average in the lower part and colder than average in the upper TTL were observed. Ozone was strongly reduced compared to its average value, and thick cirrus decks were present up to the cold point, sometimes topped by a layer of very dry air. Evidence for meridional transport of trace gases in the stratosphere above the cyclone was observed and perturbed water distribution in the TTL was documented. The paper discuss possible processes of dehydration induced by the cirrus forming above the cyclone, and change in the chemical tracer and water distribution in the lower stratosphere 400–430 K due to meridional transport from the mid-latitudes and link with Davina. Moreover it compares the data prior and after the cyclone passage to discuss its actual impact on the atmospheric chemistry and thermodynamics.
Wolken haben einen maßgeblichen Einfluss auf den Wasserhaushalt der Erde, das Wettergeschehen und das Klima. Sie wissenschaftlich zu beschreiben, ist schwierig – und das erschwert die Niederschlagsvorhersage ebenso wie die Klimamodellierung. Wichtig für die Entstehung von Regen in unseren Breiten sind Eispartikel. Sie machen einen großen Teil der Wolken aus. Doch wie bilden sie sich, und warum sind sie für viele physikalische Prozesse in den Wolken unentbehrlich? Und schließlich: Wirkt sich menschliches Handeln auf die Wolken aus?
Wasser weltweit : wie groß sind die globalen Süßwasserressourcen, und wie nutzt sie der Mensch?
(2008)
Ohne Wasser kein Leben – die ersten organischen Moleküle entwickelten sich im Wasser, aus Wasser plus Kohlenstoff und Stickstoff, und auch heute brauchen Pflanzen, Tiere und Menschen viel Wasser, um zu überleben. Die Erde ist der einzige Planet mit flüssigem Wasser und der einzige Planet, auf dem es Leben gibt, zumindest in unserem Sonnensystem. Zwei Umstände bewirken gemeinsam, dass nur die Erde die richtige Temperatur für flüssiges Wasser an ihrer Oberfl äche hat: ihr Abstand zur Sonne und ihre Masse. Aufgrund ihrer ausreichend großen Masse kann sie eine Atmosphäre halten, die die mittlere Oberflächentemperatur von –18 °C auf +15 °C erhöht. Nur daher konnte sich im Frühstadium der Erdentstehung das Wasser, das in großen Mengen aus dem Erdinnern ausgaste, an der Oberfläche als flüssiges Wasser in den Ozeanen sammeln.
Large-scale hydrological modelling has become increasingly wide-spread during the last decade. An annual workshop series on large-scale hydrological modelling has provided, since 1997, a forum to the German-speaking community for discussing recent developments and achievements in this research area. In this paper we present the findings from the 2007 workshop which focused on advances and visions in large-scale hydrological modelling. We identify the state of the art, difficulties and research perspectives with respect to the themes "sensitivity of model results", "integrated modelling" and "coupling of processes in hydrosphere, atmosphere and biosphere". Some achievements in large-scale hydrological modelling during the last ten years are presented together with a selection of remaining challenges for the future.
Long-term average groundwater recharge, which is equivalent to renewable groundwater resources, is the major limiting factor for the sustainable use of groundwater. Compared to surface water resources, groundwater resources are more protected from pollution, and their use is less restricted by seasonal and inter-annual flow variations. To support water management in a globalized world, it is necessary to estimate groundwater recharge at the global scale. Here, we present a best estimate of global-scale long-term average diffuse groundwater recharge (i.e. renewable groundwater resources) that has been calculated by the most recent version of the WaterGAP Global Hydrology Model WGHM (spatial resolution of 0.5° by 0.5°, daily time steps). The estimate was obtained using two state-of-the-art global data sets of gridded observed precipitation that we corrected for measurement errors, which also allowed to quantify the uncertainty due to these equally uncertain data sets. The standard WGHM groundwater recharge algorithm was modified for semi-arid and arid regions, based on independent estimates of diffuse groundwater recharge, which lead to an unbiased estimation of groundwater recharge in these regions. WGHM was tuned against observed long-term average river discharge at 1235 gauging stations by adjusting, individually for each basin, the partitioning of precipitation into evapotranspiration and total runoff. We estimate that global groundwater recharge was 12 666 km3/yr for the climate normal 1961–1990, i.e. 32% of total renewable water resources. In semi-arid and arid regions, mountainous regions, permafrost regions and in the Asian Monsoon region, groundwater recharge accounts for a lower fraction of total runoff, which makes these regions particularly vulnerable to seasonal and inter-annual precipitation variability and water pollution. Average per-capita renewable groundwater resources of countries vary between 8 m3/(capita yr) for Egypt to more than 1 million m3/(capita yr) for the Falkland Islands, the global average in the year 2000 being 2091 m3/(capita yr). Regarding the uncertainty of estimated groundwater resources due to the two precipitation data sets, deviation from the mean is 1.1% for the global value, and less than 1% for 50 out of the 165 countries considered, between 1 and 5% for 62, between 5 and 20% for 43 and between 20 and 80% for 10 countries. Deviations at the grid scale can be much larger, ranging between 0 and 186 mm/yr.