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The entire chemical modification repertoire of yeast ribosomal RNAs and the enzymes responsible for it have recently been identified. Nonetheless, in most cases the precise roles played by these chemical modifications in ribosome structure, function and regulation remain totally unclear. Previously, we demonstrated that yeast Rrp8 methylates m1A645 of 25S rRNA in yeast. Here, using mung bean nuclease protection assays in combination with quantitative RP-HPLC and primer extension, we report that 25S/28S rRNA of S. pombe, C. albicans and humans also contain a single m1A methylation in the helix 25.1. We characterized nucleomethylin (NML) as a human homolog of yeast Rrp8 and demonstrate that NML catalyzes the m1A1322 methylation of 28S rRNA in humans. Our in vivo structural probing of 25S rRNA, using both DMS and SHAPE, revealed that the loss of the Rrp8-catalyzed m1A modification alters the conformation of domain I of yeast 25S rRNA causing translation initiation defects detectable as halfmers formation, likely because of incompetent loading of 60S on the 43S-preinitiation complex. Quantitative proteomic analysis of the yeast Δrrp8 mutant strain using 2D-DIGE, revealed that loss of m1A645 impacts production of specific set of proteins involved in carbohydrate metabolism, translation and ribosome synthesis. In mouse, NML has been characterized as a metabolic disease-associated gene linked to obesity. Our findings in yeast also point to a role of Rrp8 in primary metabolism. In conclusion, the m1A modification is crucial for maintaining an optimal 60S conformation, which in turn is important for regulating the production of key metabolic enzymes.
The entire chemical modification repertoire of yeast ribosomal RNAs and the enzymes responsible for it have recently been identified. Nonetheless, in most cases the precise roles played by these chemical modifications in ribosome structure, function and regulation remain totally unclear. Previously, we demonstrated that yeast Rrp8 methylates m1A645 of 25S rRNA in yeast. Here, using mung bean nuclease protection assays in combination with quantitative RP-HPLC and primer extension, we report that 25S/28S rRNA of S. pombe, C. albicans and humans also contain a single m1A methylation in the helix 25.1. We characterized nucleomethylin (NML) as a human homolog of yeast Rrp8 and demonstrate that NML catalyzes the m1A1322 methylation of 28S rRNA in humans. Our in vivo structural probing of 25S rRNA, using both DMS and SHAPE, revealed that the loss of the Rrp8-catalyzed m1A modification alters the conformation of domain I of yeast 25S rRNA causing translation initiation defects detectable as halfmers formation, likely because of incompetent loading of 60S on the 43S-preinitiation complex. Quantitative proteomic analysis of the yeast Δrrp8 mutant strain using 2D-DIGE, revealed that loss of m1A645 impacts production of specific set of proteins involved in carbohydrate metabolism, translation and ribosome synthesis. In mouse, NML has been characterized as a metabolic disease-associated gene linked to obesity. Our findings in yeast also point to a role of Rrp8 in primary metabolism. In conclusion, the m1A modification is crucial for maintaining an optimal 60S conformation, which in turn is important for regulating the production of key metabolic enzymes.
The basidiomycete smut fungi are predominantly plant parasitic, causing severe losses in some crops. Most species feature a saprotrophic haploid yeast stage, and several smut fungi are only known from this stage, with some isolated from habitats without suitable hosts, e.g. from Antarctica. Thus, these species are generally believed to be apathogenic, but recent findings that some of these might have a plant pathogenic sexual counterpart, casts doubts on the validity of this hypothesis. Here, four Pseudozyma genomes were re-annotated and compared to published smut pathogens and the well-characterised effector gene Pep1 from these species was checked for its ability to complement a Pep1 deletion strain of Ustilago maydis. It was found that 113 high-confidence putative effector proteins were conserved among smut and Pseudozyma genomes. Among these were several validated effector proteins, including Pep1. By genetic complementation we show that Pep1 homologs from the supposedly apathogenic yeasts restore virulence in Pep1-deficient mutants Ustilago maydis. Thus, it is concluded that Pseudozyma species have retained a suite of effectors. This hints at the possibility that Pseudozyma species have kept an unknown plant pathogenic stage for sexual recombination or that these effectors have positive effects when colonising plant surfaces.
Summary statement When echolocating under demanding conditions e.g. noisy, narrow space, or cluttered environments, frugivorous bats adapt their call pattern by increasing the call rate within biosonar groups.
Abstract For orientation, echolocating bats emit biosonar calls and use echoes arising from call reflections. They often pattern their calls into groups which increases the rate of sensory feedback over time. Insectivorous bats emit call groups at a higher rate when orienting in cluttered compared to uncluttered environments. Frugivorous bats increase the rate of call group emission when they echolocate in noisy environments. Here, calls emitted by conspecifics potentially interfere with the bat’s biosonar signals and complicate the echolocation behavior. To minimize the information loss followed by signal interference, bats may profit from a temporally increased sensory acquisition rate, as it is the case for the call groups. In frugivorous bats, it remains unclear if call group emission represents an exclusive adaptation to avoid interference by signals from other bats or if it represents an adaptation that allows to orient under demanding environmental conditions. Here, we compared the emission pattern of the frugivorous bat Carollia perspicillata when the bats were flying in noisy versus silent, narrow versus wide or cluttered versus non-cluttered corridors. According to our results, the bats emitted larger call groups and they increased the call rate within the call groups when navigating in narrow, cluttered, or noisy environments. Thus, call group emission represents an adaptive behavior when the bats orient in complex environments.
Orthologs document the evolution of genes and metabolic capacities encoded in extant and ancient genomes. Orthologous genes that are detected across the full diversity of contemporary life allow reconstructing the gene set of LUCA, the last universal common ancestor. These genes presumably represent the functional repertoire common to – and necessary for – all living organisms. Design of artificial life has the potential to test this. Recently, a minimal gene (MG) set for a self-replicating cell was determined experimentally, and a surprisingly high number of genes have unknown functions and are not represented in LUCA. However, as similarity between orthologs decays with time, it becomes insufficient to infer common ancestry, leaving ancient gene set reconstructions incomplete and distorted to an unknown extent. Here we introduce the evolutionary traceability, together with the software protTrace, that quantifies, for each protein, the evolutionary distance beyond which the sensitivity of the ortholog search becomes limiting. We show that the LUCA set comprises only high-traceable proteins most of which have catalytic functions. We further show that proteins in the MG set lacking orthologs outside bacteria mostly have low traceability, leaving open whether their eukaryotic orthologs have just been overlooked. On the example of REC8, a protein essential for chromosome cohesion, we demonstrate how a traceability-informed adjustment of the search sensitivity identifies hitherto missed orthologs in the fast-evolving microsporidia. Taken together, the evolutionary traceability helps to differentiate between true absence and non-detection of orthologs, and thus improves our understanding about the evolutionary conservation of functional protein networks.
Good quality data on precipitation are a prerequisite for applications like short-term weather forecasts, medium-term humanitarian assistance, and long-term climate modelling. In Sub-Saharan Africa, however, the meteorological station networks are frequently insufficient, as in the Cuvelai-Basin in Namibia and Angola. This paper analyses six rainfall products (ARC2.0, CHIRPS2.0, CRU-TS3.23, GPCCv7, PERSIANN-CDR, and TAMSAT) with respect to their performance in a crop model (APSIM) to obtain nutritional scores of a household’s requirements for dietary energy and further macronutrients. All products were calibrated to an observed time series using Quantile Mapping. The crop model output was compared against official yield data. The results show that the products (i) reproduce well the Basin’s spatial patterns, and (ii) temporally agree to station records (r = 0.84). However, differences exist in absolute annual rainfall (range: 154 mm), rainfall intensities, dry spell duration, rainy day counts, and the rainy season onset. Though calibration aligns key characteristics, the remaining differences lead to varying crop model results. While the model well reproduces official yield data using the observed rainfall time series (r = 0.52), the products’ results are heterogeneous (e.g., CHIRPS: r = 0.18). Overall, 97% of a household’s dietary energy demand is met. The study emphasizes the importance of considering the differences among multiple rainfall products when ground measurements are scarce.
Das Ziel dieser Dissertation war es, die biologische Relevanz der F1Fo-ATP-Synthase für den Alterungsprozess des Ascomyceten P. anserina aufzuklären sowie die Funktion der Dimerisierungsuntereinheiten PaATPE und PaATPG genauer zu untersuchen. Folgende Ergebnisse wurden dabei erzielt:
1. Der Verlust einer Dimerisierungsuntereinheit führt in P. anserina zum Verlust der Dimerisierungsfähigkeit der F1Fo-ATP-Synthase. Dieses Ereignis resultiert in einer vorzeitigen Anhäufung von Seneszenzmerkmalen, einer starken Verkürzung der Lebensspanne und einem beschleunigten Alterungsprozess. Der Phänotyp der Stämme ∆PaAtpe und ∆PaAtpg lässt sich erfolgreich revertieren. Dadurch konnte bestätigt werden, dass der beobachtete Phänotyp der Deletionsstämme auf den Verlust der Dimerisierungsgene zurückzuführen ist.
2. Die konstitutive Überexpression des PaAtpe-Gens führt zu einer Verlängerung der Lebensspanne, die allerdings nicht abhängig von einer Erhöhung der Dimer-Menge, sondern auf eine Verlängerung der Mitochondriennetzwerke und eine erhöhte Atmung zurückzuführen ist.
3. Obwohl die Lebensspannen der untersuchten PaAtpg_OEx-Stämme voneinander abweichen, ist der auf den Organismus ausgeübte Effekt der PaAtpg-Überexpression positiv. Dabei lässt sich eine Erhöhung der Dimer-Menge auch in diesen Stämmen nicht nachweisen und eine Veränderung der Mitochondrienmorphologie tritt nur in einem der fünf untersuchten Stämme auf, was hier allerdings mit dem größten Effekt auf die Lebensspanne korreliert.
4. Die gleichzeitige Überexpression der Gene PaAtpe und PaAtpg führt interessanterweise zu einer Aufhebung der durch die PaAtpe-Überexpression hervorgerufenen positiven Effekte. Die generierte Doppelmutante weist somit wildtypische Eigenschaften auf. Eine Erhöhung der Dimer-Menge kann trotz Überexpression beider Gene nicht festgestellt werden.
5. Trotz gleicher Funktion in der Dimerbildung der F1Fo-ATP-Synthase ist das Expressionsniveau der Dimerisierungsgene in P. anserina unterschiedlich. Bereits im Wildtyp wird das PaAtpe-Gen weniger transkribiert als das PaAtpg-Gen. Letzteres wird durch die PaAtpe-Überexpression sowohl in den PaAtpe_OEx-Mutanten als auch in der Doppelmutante herunterreguliert. Auch im Wildtyp kommt es zu einer altersabhängigen Herunterregulierung des PaAtpg-Gens.
6. Im Wildtyp nimmt die Dimer-Menge im Alter ab und es kommt zu einer altersbedingten Änderung der Superkomplexe von S1 zu S0. Dies sind Hinweise auf eine altersabhängige Remodellierung der Cristae-Membran, die möglicherweise zum Seneszenzphänotyp von P. anserina beiträgt. Somit ist die Aufrechterhaltung des Dimers von großer Bedeutung für die Gewährleistung mitochondrialer Funktionen des Organismus.
Die F1Fo-ATP-Synthase spielt in ihrer dimeren Form eine bedeutende Rolle in der Aufrechterhaltung der Mitochondrienfunktion und gewährleistet den Ablauf von lebenswichtigen mitochondrialen Prozessen, die für die Erhaltung der zellulären Homöostase von essentieller Bedeutung sind.