116 search hits
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Der 11. September und die USA als Teil Hollywoods. Zur realpolitischen Verwechselbarkeit von Fiktion und Realität
(2009)
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Bernd Scheffer
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Social security under pressure : Privatisierung und Alterssicherung unter George W. Bush
(2009)
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Christian Lammert
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Die Minderung von Risiken durch endokrinschädliche Pflanzenschutzmittel als Handlungsfeld in der Landwirtschaft
(2009)
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Andrea Fink-Keßler
Karin Jürgens
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Die Nationale Strategie zur biologischen Vielfalt der Bundesregierung als Diskursarena im Diskursfeld "Klimabedingte Veränderungen der Biodiversität"
(2009)
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Nina Stiehr
- Die Natur unterliegt vielfältigen durch den Menschen hervorgerufenen Umweltbelastungen. Neben Veränderungen der Landnutzung oder Konsummuster stellt der anthropogen verursachte Klimawandel einen entscheidenden Einflussfaktor dar. Nicht nur der Temperaturanstieg an sich ist Auslöser für Ökosystemveränderungen, sondern auch die Folgen des Temperaturanstiegs führen zu massiven Änderungen der Biodiversität. Ökosysteme können so aus dem Gleichgewicht geraten und aufgrund starker Umweltbelastungen schließlich zusammenbrechen. Werden keine Maßnahmen zum Schutz der Biodiversität getroffen, wird es langfristig zu folgenschweren Auswirkungen kommen, die auch die Lebensgrundlage der Menschen stark gefährden. In Deutschland liegt die Verantwortung für den Erhalt der Biodiversität bei verschiedenen Ministerien und Ämtern, die eng miteinander vernetzt sind. Die zentrale Referenz der Bundesregierung stellt dabei die nationale Strategie zur biologischen Vielfalt dar.
Der vorliegende Band analysiert die Biodiversitätsstrategie und ihre Umsetzung als wichtige Diskursarena im Diskursfeld „Klimabedingte Biodiversitätsveränderungen“. Ausgehend von einer Analyse der Akteure auf Bundes- und Länderebene sowie aus Wissenschaft und Zivilgesellschaft werden wichtige gesellschaftliche Handlungsfelder und Forschungslücken ebenso aufgezeigt wie die darin erkennbaren Wissenskonflikte.
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Das Millennium ecosystem assessment als Diskursarena im Diskursfeld "Klimabedingte Veränderungen der Biodiversität"
(2009)
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Anna Klipstein
- Der vorliegende Materialienband entstand im Rahmen der problemorientierten Diskursfeldanalyse zu „Klimabedingten Veränderungen der Biodiversität“. Ziel dabei ist es, prioritäre Themen und zentrale Akteure systematisch darzustellen, sowie Konfliktlinien und zukünftige Handlungsbedarfe innerhalb des Themenfeldes zu identifizieren. Das Millennium Ecosystem Assessment bildet dabei eine zentrale Diskursarena im Diskursfeld. Im Zentrum der Analyse des Millennium Ecosystem Assessments stehen wissenschaftlich beeinflusste Positionen und die Frage nach deren gesellschaftlicher Nutzung.
Es ist von wissenschaftlicher Seite unumstritten, dass die Auswirkungen des Klimawandels bereits heute die Biodiversität auf unterschiedliche Art und Weise stark beeinflussen. Der vorliegende Bericht analysiert daher den Diskurs zum Themenfeld klimabedingte Biodiversitätsveränderungen auf wissenschaftlicher Basis. Dabei werden zunächst kurz die Vorgeschichte und die zentralen Inhalte des Millennium Ecosystem Assessment skizziert. Die Darlegung und Diskussion übergreifender Themenfelder ermöglicht die Festlegung prioritärer Diskursstränge innerhalb der Diskursarena. Diese umfassen sowohl ökosystemare Aspekte als auch wirtschaftliche Handlungsfelder und forscherliche Herausforderungen. In einem weiteren Arbeitsschritt werden umstrittene Wirkungszusammenhänge sowie wissenschaftliche Forschungsbedarfe und gesellschaftliche Handlungsbedarfe erörtert.
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Papers on pragmasemantics
(2009)
- Optimality theory as used in linguistics (Prince & Smolensky, 1993/2004; Smolensky & Legendre, 2006) and cognitive psychology (Gigerenzer & Selten, 2001) is a theoretical framework that aims to integrate constraint based knowledge representation systems, generative grammar, cognitive skills, and aspects of neural network processing. In the last years considerable progress was made to overcome the artificial separation between the disciplines of linguistic on the one hand which are mainly concerned with the description of natural language competences and the psychological disciplines on the other hand which are interested in real language performance.
The semantics and pragmatics of natural language is a research topic that is asking for an integration of philosophical, linguistic, psycholinguistic aspects, including its neural underpinning. Especially recent work on experimental pragmatics (e.g. Noveck & Sperber, 2005; Garrett & Harnish, 2007) has shown that real progress in the area of pragmatics isn’t possible without using data from all available domains including data from language acquisition and actual language generation and comprehension performance. It is a conceivable research programme to use the optimality theoretic framework in order to realize the integration.
Game theoretic pragmatics is a relatively young development in pragmatics. The idea to view communication as a strategic interaction between speaker and hearer is not new. It is already present in Grice' (1975) classical paper on conversational implicatures. What game theory offers is a mathematical framework in which strategic interaction can be precisely described. It is a leading paradigm in economics as witnessed by a series of Nobel prizes in the field. It is also of growing importance to other disciplines of the social sciences. In linguistics, its main applications have been so far pragmatics and theoretical typology. For pragmatics, game theory promises a firm foundation, and a rigor which hopefully will allow studying pragmatic phenomena with the same precision as that achieved in formal semantics.
The development of game theoretic pragmatics is closely connected to the development of bidirectional optimality theory (Blutner, 2000). It can be easily seen that the game theoretic notion of a Nash equilibrium and the optimality theoretic notion of a strongly optimal form-meaning pair are closely related to each other. The main impulse that bidirectional optimality theory gave to research on game theoretic pragmatics stemmed from serious empirical problems that resulted from interpreting the principle of weak optimality as a synchronic interpretation principle.
In this volume, we have collected papers that are concerned with several aspects of game and optimality theoretic approaches to pragmatics.
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On correctness of buffer implementations in a concurrent lambda calculus with futures
(2009)
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Jan Schwinghammer
David Sabel
Joachim Niehren
Manfred Schmidt-Schauß
- Motivated by the question of correctness of a specific implementation of concurrent buffers in the lambda calculus with futures underlying Alice ML, we prove that concurrent buffers and handled futures can correctly encode each other. Correctness means that our encodings preserve and reflect the observations of may- and must-convergence, and as a consequence also yields soundness of the encodings with respect to a contextually defined notion of program equivalence. While these translations encode blocking into queuing and waiting, we also describe an adequate encoding of buffers in a calculus without handles, which is more low-level and uses busy-waiting instead of blocking. Furthermore we demonstrate that our correctness concept applies to the whole compilation process from high-level to low-level concurrent languages, by translating the calculus with buffers, handled futures and data constructors into a small core language without those constructs.
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Adequacy of compositional translations for observational semantics
(2009)
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Manfred Schmidt-Schauß
Joachim Niehren
Jan Schwinghammer
David Sabel
- We investigate methods and tools for analyzing translations between programming languages with respect to observational semantics. The behavior of programs is observed in terms of may- and mustconvergence in arbitrary contexts, and adequacy of translations, i.e., the reflection of program equivalence, is taken to be the fundamental correctness condition. For compositional translations we propose a notion of convergence equivalence as a means for proving adequacy. This technique avoids explicit reasoning about contexts, and is able to deal with the subtle role of typing in implementations of language extensions.
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A finite simulation method in a non-deterministic call-by-need calculus with letrec, constructors and case
(2009)
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Manfred Schmidt-Schauß
Elena Machkasova
- The paper proposes a variation of simulation for checking and proving contextual equivalence in a non-deterministic call-by-need lambda-calculus with constructors, case, seq, and a letrec with cyclic dependencies. It also proposes a novel method to prove its correctness. The calculus’ semantics is based on a small-step rewrite semantics and on may-convergence. The cyclic nature of letrec bindings, as well as nondeterminism, makes known approaches to prove that simulation implies contextual equivalence, such as Howe’s proof technique, inapplicable in this setting. The basic technique for the simulation as well as the correctness proof is called pre-evaluation, which computes a set of answers for every closed expression. If simulation succeeds in finite computation depth, then it is guaranteed to show contextual preorder of expressions.
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On equivalences and standardization in a non-deterministic call-by-need lambda calculus
(2009)
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Manfred Schmidt-Schauß
Matthias Mann
- The goal of this report is to prove correctness of a considerable subset of transformations w.r.t. contextual equivalence in an extended lambda-calculus LS with case, constructors, seq, let, and choice, with a simple set of reduction rules; and to argue that an approximation calculus LA is equivalent to LS w.r.t. the contextual preorder, which enables the proof tool of simulation. Unfortunately, a direct proof appears to be impossible.
The correctness proof is by defining another calculus L comprising the complex variants of copy, case-reduction and seq-reductions that use variable-binding chains. This complex calculus has well-behaved diagrams and allows a proof of correctness of transformations, and that the simple calculus LS, the calculus L, and the calculus LA all have an equivalent contextual preorder.
