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Im Folgenden [möchte ich] Licht auf exemplarische Krim-Schauplätze werfen - allen voran auf den Marinestützpunkt Sevastopol, die Künstlerkolonie Koktebel und den Nobelkurort Jalta, an denen im Zusammenhang mit der russischen Aneignung der 'terra incognita' eine nationalromantische Verklärung der Halbinsel deutlich wird, indem sie zu Schauplätzen des Sendungsbewusstseins eines russischen und später sowjetischen Imperiums wurden. Zudem werden Versuche von russischen bzw. russischsprachigen Schriftstellern aus der Zeit um 1900, aus der sowjetischen und der postsowjetischen Zeit dargestellt, die Halbinsel als geokulturelle Einheit jenseits hegemonialer Ordnungen und imperialer Legitimierungen zu begründen. Im Vordergrund steht dabei die Frage nach den diskursiven Verfahren zur Erzeugung des Krim-Raums, in denen im Rekurs auf die Geographie, als dessen grundlegendes Prinzip, die Beziehung von Land und Meer betont wird.
It is estimated that a number between 27,000 and 31,000 foreign fighters have been flocking to Iraq and Syria since the breakout of the war in 2011.
An updated assessment of the flow of foreign fighters into Syria and Iraq shows that there is a significant increase in the number of foreign fighters travelling to Syria. Data provided by the Soufan Group in 2014 estimated that the identifiable number of foreign fighters is approximately 12,000 from 81 countries. It was also believed that the number of foreign Jihadists coming form Western countries does not exceed 3000: “Around 2,500 are from Western countries, including most members of the European Union, the United States, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand”, according to Soufan’s initial report on Foreign Fighters in Syria. Now the number exceeds 27,000 foreign fighters from at least 86 countries...
The global financial crisis and the ensuing criticism of macroeconomics have inspired researchers to explore new modeling approaches. There are many new models that deliver improved estimates of the transmission of macroeconomic policies and aim to better integrate the financial sector in business cycle analysis. Policy making institutions need to compare available models of policy transmission and evaluate the impact and interaction of policy instruments in order to design effective policy strategies. This paper reviews the literature on model comparison and presents a new approach for comparative analysis. Its computational implementation enables individual researchers to conduct systematic model comparisons and policy evaluations easily and at low cost. This approach also contributes to improving reproducibility of computational research in macroeconomic modeling. Several applications serve to illustrate the usefulness of model comparison and the new tools in the area of monetary and fiscal policy. They include an analysis of the impact of parameter shifts on the effects of fiscal policy, a comparison of monetary policy transmission across model generations and a cross-country comparison of the impact of changes in central bank rates in the United States and the euro area. Furthermore, the paper includes a large-scale comparison of the dynamics and policy implications of different macro-financial models. The models considered account for financial accelerator effects in investment financing, credit and house price booms and a role for bank capital. A final exercise illustrates how these models can be used to assess the benefits of leaning against credit growth in monetary policy.
Objective: Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is associated with substantial morbidity for mothers and their offspring. While clinical and basic research activities on this important disease grow constantly, there is no concise analysis of global architecture of GDM research. Hence, it was the objective of this study to assess the global scientific performance chronologically, geographically and in relation to existing research networks and gender distribution of publishing authors.
Study design: On the basis of the New Quality and Quantity Indices in Science (NewQIS) platform, scientometric methods were combined with modern visualizing techniques such as density equalizing mapping, and the Web of Science database was used to assess GDM-related entries from 1900 to 2012.
Results: Twelve thousand five hundred four GDM-related publications were identified and analyzed. The USA (4295 publications) and the UK (1354 publications) dominated the field concerning research activity, overall citations and country-specific Hirsch-Index, which quantified the impact of a country’s published research on the scientific community. Semi-qualitative indices such as country-specific citation rates ranked New Zealand and the UK at top positions. Annual collaborative publications increased steeply between the years 1990 and 2012 (71 to 1157 respectively). Subject category analysis pointed to a minor interest of public health issues in GDM research. Gender analysis in terms of publication authorship revealed a clear dominance of the male gender until 2005; then a trend towards gender equity started and the activity of female scientists grew visibly in many countries. The country-specific gender analysis revealed large differences, i.e. female scientists dominated the scientific output in the USA, whereas the majority of research was published by male authors in countries such as Japan.
Conclusion: This study provides the first global sketch of GDM research architecture. While North-American and Western-European countries were dominating the GDM-related scientific landscape, a disparity exists in terms of research output between developed and low-resource countries. Since GDM is linked to considerable mortality and morbidity of mothers and their offspring and constitutes a tremendous burden for the healthcare systems in underserved countries, our findings emphasize the need to address disparities by fostering research endeavors, public health programs and collaborative efforts in these nations.
RUCAM (Roussel Uclaf Causality Assessment Method) or its previous synonym CIOMS (Council for International Organizations of Medical Sciences) is a well established tool in common use to quantitatively assess causality in cases of suspected drug induced liver injury (DILI) and herb induced liver injury (HILI). Historical background and the original work confirm the use of RUCAM as single term for future cases, dismissing now the term CIOMS for reasons of simplicity and clarity. RUCAM represents a structured, standardized, validated, and hepatotoxicity specific diagnostic approach that attributes scores to individual key items, providing final quantitative gradings of causality for each suspect drug/herb in a case report. Experts from Europe and the United States had previously established in consensus meetings the first criteria of RUCAM to meet the requirements of clinicians and practitioners in care for their patients with suspected DILI and HILI. RUCAM was completed by additional criteria and validated, assisting to establish the timely diagnosis with a high degree of certainty. In many countries and for more than two decades, physicians, regulatory agencies, case report authors, and pharmaceutical companies successfully applied RUCAM for suspected DILI and HILI. Their practical experience, emerging new data on DILI and HILI characteristics, and few ambiguous questions in domains such alcohol use and exclusions of non-drug causes led to the present update of RUCAM. The aim was to reduce interobserver and intraobserver variability, to provide accurately defined, objective core elements, and to simplify the handling of the items. We now present the update of the well accepted original RUCAM scale and recommend its use for clinical, regulatory, publication, and expert purposes to validly establish causality in cases of suspected DILI and HILI, facilitating a straightforward application and an internationally harmonized approach of causality assessment as a common basic tool.
Stellt man sich die Frage nach dem Verhältnis von Geographie und Politik bezüglich einer genuin europäischen "Grundordnung" der Meere, gerät unweigerlich die frühe Neuzeit als Schwellenepoche einer zunehmend unter europäischen Einfluss geratenen Globalisierungsphase in den Blick. Als Spanier und Portugiesen, später dann ebenso Franzosen, Holländer und Engländer die bisherigen maritimen Grenzen Europas überschritten, dehnten sich nicht nur die Handelsnetze der Europäer weltweit aus, sondern zugleich auch deren Piraterie- und Kapereiaktivitäten. "Krieg, Handel und Piraterie, / Dreieinig sind sie, nicht zu trennen", um ein späteres Diktum von Goethe aufzugreifen. Doch welches Recht soll gelten, wenn Seefahrer verschiedener Nationen jenseits des Horizonts miteinander in Konflikt geraten? Kann es auf der hohen See zwischen der alten und der neuen Welt überhaupt so etwas wie Recht und Gesetz geben? Lassen die Schiffe nicht nur die Küsten Europas, sondern ebenso das europäische Recht, ja das Recht schlechthin hinter sich? Wenn diesen Fragen im Folgenden nachgegangen werden soll, dann geht es vor allem darum, die rechtliche und politische Topographie Europas von seinen maritimen Rändern her zu betrachten. Ich beschränke mich dabei auf das Gebiet der Karibik im 17. Jahrhundert. Im Fokus stehen die allseitigen Piraterie- und Kapereiaktivitäten sowie deren Auswirkungen auf die völkerrechtliche Praxis der diplomatischen Beziehungen und Friedensverträge, welche auch die Region der Karibik mit umfassten. Hier gilt es zu prüfen, ob dieser Insel- und Meeresraum, wie oft behauptet, von den miteinander konkurrierenden Europäern tatsächlich als ein Raum der Rechtlosigkeit wahrgenommen wurde.