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Periodic structure in nuclear matter (1992)

István Lovas Lívia Molnár Kornél Sailer Walter Greiner

The properties of nuclear matter are studied in the framework of quantum hadrodynamics. Assuming an ω-meson field, periodic in space, a self-consistent set of equations is derived in the mean-field approximation for the description of nucleons interacting via σ-meson and ω-meson fields. Solutions of these self-consistent equations have been found: The baryon density is constant in space, however, the baryon current density is periodic. This high density phase of nuclear matter can be produced by anisotropic external pressure, occurring, e.g., in relativistic heavy ion reactions. The self-consistent fields developing beyond the instability limit have a special screw symmetry. In the presence of such an ω field, the energy spectrum of the relativistic nucleons exhibits allowed and forbidden bands, similar to the energy spectrum of the electrons in solids.

Formation of heavy quarks in ultrarelativistic heavy-ion collisions (1992)

S. M. Schneider Walter Greiner G. Soff

We investigate the production of heavy quarks in continuum and bound states in nuclear collisions. Creation rates for free bb̅ and tt̅ quark pairs and for bottomonium and toponium in the ground state are computed at energies of the BNL Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider, CERN Large Hadron Collider (LHC), and Superconducting Super Collider. Central and peripheral heavy-ion collisions are discussed. For top-quark creation we assumed a mass range of 90≤mt≤250 GeV. The creation rate for top quarks in peripheral collisions is estimated to be by a factor 40 to 130 smaller compared with corresponding central collisions. For mt=130 GeV we calculated a creation rate of about 4760 top-quark pairs per day at the LHC (3.5 TeV/nucleon) for Pb-Pb collisions.

Multiplicity distribution of electron-positron pairs created by strong external fields (1992)

Christoph Best Walter Greiner Gerhard Soff

We discuss the multiplicity distribution of electron-positron pairs created in the strong electromagnetic fields of ultrarelativistic heavy-ion transits. Based on nonperturbative expressions for the N-pair creation amplitudes, the Poisson distribution is derived by neglecting interference terms. The source of unitarity violation is identified in the vacuum-to-vacuum amplitude, and a perturbative expression for the mean number of pairs is given.

Delbrück scattering in a strong external field (1992)

Alexander Scherdin Andreas Schäfer Walter Greiner Gerhard Soff

We evaluate the Delbrück scattering amplitude to all orders of the interaction with the external field of a nucleus employing nonperturbative electron Green's functions. The results are given analytically in form of a multipole expansion.

Dynamical treatment of Fermi motion in a microscopic description of heavy ion collisions (1992)

G. Peilert J. Konopka Horst Stöcker Walter Greiner M. Blann M. G. Mustafa

A quasiclassical Pauli potential is used to simulate the Fermi motion of nucleons in a molecular dynamical simulation of heavy ion collisions. The thermostatic properties of a Fermi gas with and without interactions are presented. The inclusion of this Pauli potential into the quantum molecular dynamics (QMD) approach yields a model with well defined fermionic ground states, which is therefore also able to give the excitation energies of the emitted fragments. The deexcitation mechanisms (particle evaporation and multifragmentation) of the new model are investigated. The dynamics of the QMD with Pauli potential is tested by a wide range of comparisons of calculated and experimental double-differential cross sections for inclusive p-induced reactions at incident energies of 80 to 160 MeV. Results at 256 and 800 MeV incident proton energy are presented as predictions for completed experiments which are as yet unpublished.

Pion chemical equilibration in heavy ion collisions : relativistic quantum molecular dynamic analysis (1992)

Debades Bandyopadhyay Mark I. Gorenstein Horst Stöcker Walter Greiner Heinz Sorge

In the framework of relativistic quantum molecular dynamics the authors find that the pion system produced in central heavy-ion collisions at Elab/A approximately 1 GeV/nucl. is out of chemical equilibrium. Pion chemical potential is large and decreases during the expansion stage.

The role of quantum effects and nonequilibrium transport coefficients for relativistic heavy ion collisions (1992)

M. Berenguer C. Hartnack G. Peilert Horst Stöcker Walter Greiner Jörg Aichelin A. Rosenhauer

Stopping power and thermalization in relativistic heavy ion collisions is investigated employing the quantum molecular dynamics approach. For heavy systems stopping of the incoming nuclei is predicted, independent of the energy. The influence of the quantum effects and their increasing importance at low energies, is demonstrated by inspection of the mean free path of the nucleons and the n-n collision number. Classical models, which neglect these effects, overestimate the stopping and the thermalization as well as the collective flow and squeeze out. The sensitivity of the transverse and longitudinal momentum transfer to the in-medium cross section and to the pressure is investigated.

Intermediate mass fragment emission in Fe+Au collisions (1992)

G. Peilert Horst Stöcker Walter Greiner

Experimental results are presented on the charge, velocity, and angular distributions of intermediate mass fragments (IMFs) for the reaction Fe+Au at bombarding energies of 50 and 100 MeV/nucleon. Results are compared to the quantum molecular dynamics (QMD) model and a modified QMD which includes a Pauli potential and follows the subsequent statistical decay of excited reaction products. The more complete model gives a good representation of the data and suggests that the major source of IMFs at large angles is due to multifragmentation of the target residue.

Energy and baryon flow in nuclear collisions at 15-A-GeV (1992)

Heinz Sorge R. Mattiello Horst Stöcker Walter Greiner

Strong correlations between baryon stopping in the projectile rapidity hemisphere and target excitation have been found in the light-ion-induced reactions at the BNL Alternating Gradient Synchrotron (AGS) (E814 group). Results in the framework of the relativistic molecular dynamics approach (RQMD) describe recent E814 data quite well. We discuss the RQMD results together with proton and pion data from the E802 group near midrapidity. They have raised the question of whether partial transparency could be seen in these experiments. The RQMD results indicate strong transverse baryon flow in central Si+Au collisions after the projectile has been stopped in the target.

Anti-proton production and annihilation in nuclear collisions at 15-A/GeV (1992)

André Jahns Horst Stöcker Walter Greiner Heinz Sorge

We present a calculation of antiproton yields in Si+Al and Si+Au collisions at 14.5A GeV in the framework of the relativistic quantum molecular dynamics approach (RQMD). Multistep processes lead to the formation of high-mass flux tubes. Their decay dominates the initial antibaryon yield. However, the subsequent annihilation in the surrounding baryon-rich matter suppresses the antiproton yield considerably: Two-thirds of all antibaryons are annihilated even for the light Si+Al system. Comparisons with preliminary data of the E802 experiment support this analysis.

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