Refine
Year of publication
- 2005 (38) (remove)
Document Type
- Doctoral Thesis (27)
- Article (8)
- Diploma Thesis (1)
- diplomthesis (1)
- Review (1)
Has Fulltext
- yes (38) (remove)
Is part of the Bibliography
- no (38)
Keywords
- Altern (2)
- Angiogenese (1)
- Anthrakologie (1)
- Aquatisches Ökosystem (1)
- Arzneimittel (1)
- Arzneimittel / Zulassung (1)
- Arzneimittelprüfung (1)
- B-Zell-Lymphom (1)
- Cladocera (1)
- Eisenzeit (1)
Institute
- Biowissenschaften (38) (remove)
BACKGROUND: The identification of beta-barrel membrane proteins out of a genomic/proteomic background is one of the rapidly developing fields in bioinformatics. Our main goal is the prediction of such proteins in genome/proteome wide analyses.
RESULTS: For the prediction of beta-barrel membrane proteins within prokaryotic proteomes a set of parameters was developed. We have focused on a procedure with a low false positive rate beside a procedure with lowest false prediction rate to obtain a high certainty for the predicted sequences. We demonstrate that the discrimination between beta-barrel membrane proteins and other proteins is improved by analyzing a length limited region. The developed set of parameters is applied to the proteome of E. coli and the results are compared to four other described procedures.
CONCLUSION: Analyzing the beta-barrel membrane proteins revealed the presence of a defined membrane inserted beta-barrel region. This information can now be used to refine other prediction programs as well. So far, all tested programs fail to predict outer membrane proteins in the proteome of the prokaryote E. coli with high reliability. However, the reliability of the prediction is improved significantly by a combinatory approach of several programs. The consequences and usability of the developed scores are discussed.
Rezensionen zu: Erhard Oeser : Geschichte der Hirnforschung : Von der Antike zur Gegenwart. Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, Darmstadt, 2002, ISBN 3534149823, 288 Seiten, 24,90 Euro. Michael Hagner : Geniale Gehirne : Zur Geschichte der Elitegehirnforschung ; Wallstein-Verlag, Göttingen, 2004, ISBN 3892446490, 384 Seiten, 38 Euro.
Ulrike Anders hat zwischen Januar und September 2005 Zähne und Gebiß rezenter Schleichkatzen (Viverridae) untersucht und Parameter identifiziert, anhand derer sich Nahrungspräferenzen zuordnen lassen. Viverriden gelten als basale Carnivoren mit omnivorem Nahrungsspektrum. Da die für echte Katzen so typische Brechschere und die Reduktion des Gebisses nur wenig ausgeprägt ist, gilt ihr Gebiss als unspezialisiert. Dennoch besitzen Viverriden Nahrungspräferenzen, die sich in der Umgestaltung ihres Gebisses, auch in einzelnen Zahnpositionen niederschlägt. Diese Veränderungen wurden metrisch charakterisiert.
Die mechanische Streckung hat einen großen Einfluss auf Keratinozyten und bei der Transduktion dieses Reizes nehmen ßl-integrine, E-Cadherine und EGF-Rezeptoren eine zentrale Rolle ein: Eine einfache mechanische Dehnung von HaCaT-Zellen um 10% fuhrt innerhalb von 5min zu einer schnellen Umorientierung der ßl-Integrine auf der Zellmembran, ohne dass sich dabei die Menge dieser Oberflächenrezeptoren ändert. Die Integrine sammeln sich in der basalen Membran zu größeren Adhäsionskomplexen. Dies hat Auswirkungen auf das Adhäsionsverhalten der Zellen. Eine Streckung bewirkt, dass die mechanisch stimulierten Zellen gegenüber den Kontrollzellen sowohl schneller an das Substrat anheften als auch eine stärkere Zell-Matrix-Adhäsion aufweisen. Das unterschiedliche Adhäsionsverhalten auf den verschiedenen Substraten (Arginin+Serum, Fibronektin, Kollagen) und Experimente mit funktionsblockierenden Antikörpern gegen ßl-Integrine sind Beweise für die Beteiligung dieser Oberflächenrezeptoren an diesem Vorgang. Da adhärente Zellen, wie Keratinozyten. neben Wachstumsfaktoren den Zell-Matrix-Kontakt benötigen, um in die S-Phase eintreten zu können, hat das unterschiedliche Adhäsionsverhalten von gestreckten und ungestreckten Zellen wiederum Einfluss auf die Proliferation. Diese ist bei den mechanisch gereizten Zellen im Vergleich zu den Kontrollzellen gesteigert und zwar im direkten Verhältnis zu der mechanisch induzierten Steigerung der Adhäsion. Im Rahmen einer Rezeptor-Transaktivierung (siehe vorne) kooperieren ßl-Integrine und E- Cadherine sowohl räumlich als auch funktionell mit dem EGF-Rezeptor bei der Übermittlung des Dehnungsreizes: Räumliche Interaktionen: Eine Koclusterung von ßl-Integrinen mit dem EGF-Rezeptor tritt bereits nach 5minütiger mechanischer Reizung an den Zell-Zell-Grenzen und den Fokalkontakten auf. Eine Kolokalisation zwischen E-Cadherinen und EGF-Rezeptoren besteht ebenfalls, wobei sich allerdings Kontrolle und Streckung nicht unterscheiden. Funktionelle Interaktionen: Eine mechanische Stimulation führt zu einer transienten Aktivierung des EGF-Rezeptors (Aktivitätsmaximum: 5min) und der MAP-Kinase ERK1/2 (Aktivitätsmaximum: 15min). Diese streckungsinduzierte Aktivierung von ERK1/2 wird sowohl durch die Blockierung der ßl-Integrine und E-Cadherine als auch durch die Inhibition des EGF-Rezeptors unterbunden. Weiterhin hemmt die Blockierung der Adhäsionsmoleküle die Aktivierung des EGF-Rezeptors. Dies spricht für die Transaktivierungs-Theorie des EGF- Rezeptors durch die ß1-Integrine und E-Cadherine. Die Zellstrukturen und viele zelluläre Prozesse werden durch eine zellintern erzeugte Grundspannung im Zytoskelett aufrechterhalten. Ohne eine Verankerung der Zelle an der ECM oder den Nachbarzellen, was durch die Blockierung der ßl-Integrine und E-Cadherine erreicht wird, bricht dieses fein ausbalancierte System zusammen; die Zytoskelett-Elemente F-Aktin, Intermediär-Filamente und Mikrotubuli zerfallen. Anhand der Ergebnisse dieser Arbeit wird ersichtlich, welche enorme Bedeutung den Adhäsionsrezerptoren - ßl-Integrine und E-Cadherine - für die Formstabilität und die funktionellen Eigenschaften der Zelle zukommt. Ein Ausfall dieser Adhäsionsmoleküle beeinträchtigt sowohl die Form der Zelle (Adhäsionsvorgänge und Tensigrity-Modell) als auch die Transduktion von Umweltreizen durch die Plasmamembran, z.B. einer mechanischen Stimulation, die letztendlich das Überleben der Zelle und die Proliferation bestimmt. Daher wäre denkbar, das die Ergebnisse dieser Grundlagenforschung in Zukunft zur Behandlung von Hautkrankheiten herangezogen werden können.
Since its recognition as an endothelium-derived relaxing factor, the control and consequences of nitric oxide (NO) production have been investigated intensely. We know now that NO is not simply a vasodilator or regulator of smooth muscle tone but is a potent anti-platelet agent, neuromodulator and regulator of gene expression. NO is synthesized from the amino acid Larginine by a family of enzymes termed NO synthases (NOS). The ‘endothelial’ (eNOS or NOS III) and ‘neuronal’ (nNOS, NOS I or bNOS) NOS isoforms, which were named after the tissues in which they were first identified, are expressed constitutively and are generally regulated by Ca2+/calmodulin (CaM). Endothelium-derived NO is thought to be responsible for maintaining the vasculature in an anti-atherosclerotic state and a decrease in the bioavailability of NO (a state generally referred to as endothelial dysfunction) results in “proatherosclerotic” alterations in vascular gene expression. Recently it has become clear that the activity of eNOS is largely determined by its association with regulatory proteins as well as by the phosphorylation of the enzyme on serine, threonine and possibly tyrosine residues. Moreover, the enzyme can be “uncoupled” i.e. transformed from a NO generating to a superoxide (O2-)-generating enzyme, which would be expected to attenuate vasodilator responses and enhance vascular inflammation. The aim of this thesis was to study the consequences of phosphorylation on specific serine, threonine and tyrosine residues on the activity and intracellular localisation of eNOS and in particular to determine whether a phospho-switch for eNOS uncoupling exists. eNOS is phosphorylated under basal conditions and its serine phosphorylation can be enhanced following cell stimulation with hemodynamic stimuli such as cyclic stretch and fluid shear stress as well as by hormonal stimuli such as histamine and bradykinin. Our group has previously demonstrated the importance of Ser1177 in the activation of eNOS and here I set out to determine the relative importance of phosphorylation on Ser633 and Ser114. By generating point mutants in which serine was replaced by either alanine (nonphosphorylatable mutants) or aspartate (phosphomimetic mutants) it was observed that the activity of the S633D and S114A eNOS mutants exhibited an 2-fold increase over the activity of the wild-type enzyme or either of the S633/634A or S114D eNOS mutants as determined by monitoring the conversion of L-arginine to L-citrulline. eNOS is basally phosphorylated on Thr495 and stimulation of endothelial cells with Ca2+-elevating agonists generally results in the transient dephosphorylation of this residue. The latter is essential to allow the binding of calmodulin to the enzyme and is the actually initiating step in the generation of NO. Correspondingly, the T495A eNOS mutant can be activated at lower Ca2+ and calmodulin concentrations than the T495D mutant. However, some eNOS mutants (T494A/S1177D and T495A) showed an enhanced ability to generate O2- in a NOS inhibitor-sensitive manner suggesting that the phosphorylation of the enzyme may also play a role in the uncoupling process. To determine the physiological relevance of eNOS dephosphorylation on Thr495 we assessed the consequences of treating cells with oxidised low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL) on eNOS phosphorylation as well as on the eNOS-dependent generation of NO and O2-. Oxidised LDL concentration- and time-dependently decreased phosphorylation of eNOS on Thr495 and led to a concomitant decrease in cellular levels of cyclic GMP and an enhanced production of O2 - compared to cells treated with native LDL. Alterations in the activity of protein kinase C (PKC) were related to the change in eNOS Thr495 phosphorylation. There was not only the basal activity of PKCα inhibited by ox-LDL but the PKC activator phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate also failed to elicit the phosphorylation of Thr495 in ox-LDL-treated endothelial cells. The dephosphorylation of eNOS on Thr495 in response to the addition of ox-LDL was not associated with an increase in the binding of calmodulin to eNOS, an association usually necessary for the activation of eNOS. Moreover, following treatment with ox-LDL for 24 hours eNOS was no longer detected at the plasma membrane but was redistributed to the cytosol indicating that ox-LDL may disrupt the eNOS signalling complex or signalosome. To date the role played by the tyrosine phosphorylation of eNOS in the regulation of its activity or intracellular association is controversial. However, during the preparation of this thesis we have been able to demonstrate a link between the tyrosine phosphorylation of eNO and the activation of the tyrosine kinases Src and PYK2. The application of fluid shear stress to endothelial cells resulted in the activation of Src and PYK2 as well as in the association of PYK2 with eNOS. Co-expression of eNOS and PYK2 led to the putative identification of Tyr657 as a potential modulatory site. Mutating eNOS at Tyr657 to Asp or Glu resulted in the localisation of the mutant eNOS predominantly in the cytoskeleton and also in a complete inactivation of the enzyme. The Y657F mutants, on the other hand, did not demonstrate any marked alteration in the activity when compared with the wild-type eNOS. However, the In conclusion, the results describe in this thesis indicate that eNOS is regulated by phosphorylation at multiple sites. Depending on the phosphorylation site involved phosphorylation can inhibit or activate NO production or even uncouple the enzyme so that it generates O2-. While the phosphor-status of eNOS on Ser114 and Ser633 influenced NO release they did not contribute to O2 - production and the dephosphorylation of Thr495 seems sufficient to uncouple eNOS. Cell treatment with ox-LDL, which is known to increase eNOS-derived O2- output was correlated with a dephosphorylation of Thr495 as well as a decrease in the activity of the kinase that phosphorylates this site i.e., PKCα. The phosphorylation status of all the eNOS serine and threonine residues studied however did not influence the ability of the enzyme to dimerise, indicating that contrary to previously published reports the eNOS dimer is highly stable in endothelial cells. The tyrosine phosphorylation of eNOS was not initially expected to play a determinant role in the regulation but rather to facilitate the docking of associated regulatory proteins. However, Tyr657 seems to play a critical role in the generation of NO as its mutation resulted in the generation of a completely inactive enzyme as well as in an apparent intracellular mislocalisation of the protein. The physiological relevance of these findings remain to be further elucidated.
Mitochondrien, Organellen der oxidativen Phosphorylierung, sind in vielfältiger Weise an Alterungsprozessen in unterschiedlichen Modellorganismen beteiligt. Viele Mechanismen und Faktoren, die das Altern beeinflussen, scheinen konserviert zu sein. In dem in dieser Arbeit untersuchten Ascomyzeten Podospora anserina treten z. B. altersabhängige Reorganisationen der mtDNA auf, die zu einem Verlust lebensnotwendiger Gene führen können. In Menschen wurden ebenfalls Umstrukturierungen des mitochondrialen Genoms in unterschiedlichen Geweben mit fortschreitendem Alter beschrieben. Umgekehrt treten manche Faktoren, die die Lebensspanne beeinflussen, nur in einigen Modellsystemen auf. Hierzu gehört z. B. die Induktion der alternativen Oxidase in vielen langlebigen P. anserina-Mutanten. Diese Modifikation in der Atmungskette kann in S. cerevisiae und Säugern nicht beobachtet werden, da diesen Organismen eine alternative terminale Oxidase der oxidativen Phosphorylierung fehlt. Der Fragestellung, wie die Atmungskette im Falle der exklusiven PaAOX-abhängigen Respiration in der unsterblichen Mutante ex1 hinsichtlich der Zusammensetzung und kinetischer Eigenschaften des Elektronentransports charakterisiert ist, wurde in der vorliegenden Arbeit nachgegangen. Über die funktionalen Eigenschaften der Mitochondrien hinaus ist auch die Morphologie dieser Organellen altersabhängiger Änderungen unterworfen. Hinsichtlich der Gestalt der Mitochondrien in verschiedenen Altersstadien ist nur sehr wenig bekannt. Bisher steht nur fest, dass der P. anserina-Wildstamm „S“ im mittelalten Stadium filamentöse Mitochondrien aufweist. Ob und in welchem Ausmaß es zu Veränderungen der mitochondrialen Morphologie während des Alterns im Wildstamm „s“ und der Mutante grisea kommt, wurde im Rahmen der vorliegenden Arbeit analysiert. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde darüber hinaus PaDnm1 als putativer mitochondrialer Teilungsfaktor charakterisiert. Insbesondere die Modulation der PaDnm1-Expression durch Überexpression bzw. Deletion soll zeigen, welchen Einfluss PaDnm1 auf die mitochondriale Morphologie und andere phänotypische Parameter wie z. B. die Lebensspanne hat. Die in dieser Arbeit durchgeführten Untersuchungen führten zu folgenden Ergebnissen: 1. Im Wildstamm „s“ wurde im Gegensatz zu ex1 durch enzymkinetische Analysen eine starke Interaktion der Komplexe I und III nachgewiesen. Ein Großteil der Komplexe I und III ist im Wildstamm „s“ in Form von Superkomplexen organisiert. In der Mutante ex1 liegen die Komplexe I und III dagegen hauptsächlich frei vor. Die spezifische Aktivität der Cytochrom-c-Reduktase ist in ex1 niedriger als im Wildstamm „s“. 2. Seneszente Isolate des Wildstammes „s“ und der PaDnm1::ble-Mutante weisen im Gegensatz zur Mutante grisea eine starke Freisetzung von Wasserstoffperoxid auf. 3. Juvenile und mittelalte Wildstamm „s“-Isolate enthalten überwiegend kurze, filamentöse Mitochondrien, die entlang der Hyphenachse im Cytoplasma orientiert sind. Im seneszenten Stadium kommt es zu einer starken mitochondrialen Fragmentierung. Der Übergang von einer filamentösen zu einer sphärischen Morphologie dieser Organellen tritt auch in Mutante grisea auf. In ex1-Hyphen sind hauptsächlich filamentöse Mitochondrien enthalten. Initiale Analysen zur mitochondrialen Feinstruktur zeigen, dass in Wildstamm „s“ und Mutante grisea eine lamellenartige Cristaestruktur erkennbar ist. In der Mutante ex1 hingegen erscheinen die Cristae ungeordneter und weniger zahlreich. 4. Die Mitochondrienfragmentierung im seneszenten Wildstamm „s“ korreliert mit einer Induktion der Transkription von PaDnm1. In Mutante grisea ist die PaDnm1-Transkriptmenge während des Alterns konstant, obwohl sich die mitochondriale Morphologie wie im Wildstamm „s“ verändert. Überexpression von PaDnm1 führt zur Mitochondrienfragmentierung während die gezielte Deletion dieses Gens eine starke Elongation der Mitochondrien zur Folge hat. PaDnm1 ist somit das erste in einem filamentösen Pilz charakterisierte Gen der mitochondrialen Teilungsmaschinerie. 5. PaDnm1::ble-Isolate zeigen im seneszenten Stadium mitochondriale Fragmentierung wie Wildstamm „s“ und Mutante grisea. Das mitochondriale Genom von PaDnm1::ble ist stabilisiert, d. h. die Bildung der seneszenzfördernden plDNA wird unterdrückt. Die mittlere Lebensspanne der PaDnm1::ble-Mutante ist deutlich (> Faktor 10) gegenüber der des Wild-stammes „s“ erhöht. Bemerkenswerterweise zeigt PaDnm1::ble im Gegensatz zu anderen langlebigen P. anserina-Mutanten nach der Sporenkeimung keine physiologischen Defekte: Wuchsrate, männliche und weibliche Fertilität, Myzelmorphologie und Mitochondrien-segregation während der Ascosporengenese sind nicht eingeschränkt. Allerdings weist PaDnm1::ble eine erhöhte Empfindlichkeit gegenüber Ammoniumazetat auf. Dies äußert sich in einer Inhibierung der Sporenkeimung und einer Verringerung der Wuchsrate bei Anzucht der Mutante auf AmAc-haltigem Medium.
Soluble guanylyl cyclase (sGC) is a cytosolic enzyme producing the intracellular messenger cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) on activation with nitric oxide (NO) which leads to the activation of GMP dependent protein kinases and to vasodilation. NO signaling may be affected by altered expression of sGC subunits, as has been shown in different pathological and physiological conditions and developmental stages. The molecular mechanisms underlying altered sGC expression in these and other conditions have not yet been revealed. Gene expression can also be regulated at the level of mRNA through alterations in translational efficiency and in mRNA stability. HuR (Human R) is a ubiquitously expressed member of the embryonic lethal abnormal vision (ELAV) family of RNA-binding proteins. Among other RNAs, there has been recent evidence that the expression of sGC is subject to post-transcriptional regulation by HuR. It has been shown that chronic hypertension induces changes in HuR expression and activity, which account for decreased sGC expression and activity in the aorta of hypertensive rats. This thesis should study was performed in an effort to provide some insight to the transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation of sGC expression in a mammal, the rat. We investigated rat sGC alpha-1 transcriptional regulation in rat lung fibroblast (RLF-6) cells. The 3000bp 5' upstream region of the alpha-1 sGC gene was isolated and analyzed for promoter activity by using luciferase reporter constructs- Alpha3000 (with -2794 bp), Alpha1100 (-1092 bp), Alpha350 (-346 bp) and Alpha200 (-200 bp). The promoter activity was the highest in the 200bp construct (about 6-fold higher than Alpha3000) suggesting that this fragment contains all the crucial elements necessary to support basal transcription of the alpha-1 sGC gene. Analysis of the 200 bp of the 5’ UTR of the alpha-1 gene was performed using the MATINSPECTOR V2.2 software for putative transcription factors. The constructs containing the deleted sites for NFY and Sp1 showed a significant decrease in constitutive promoter activity by almost 80% and 60% respectively, implying that these transcription factors are crucial elements in the basal expression of the of sGC alpha-1 subunit. Treatment of RLF-6 cells with genistein 50 microM and mithramycinA 100 nM, known to inhibit the NFY and Sp1 binding to DNA respectively, reflected the same effects. Furthermore the cGMP content of the cells was significantly reduced by both inhibitors, almost completely by genistein, and by about 40 % by mithramycinA. Electrophoretic mobility-shift assay (EMSA) clearly showed the formation of multiple complexes with the biotinylated ODN (decoy oligodeoxynucleotide) probes for NFY and Sp1 when incubated with RLF-6 nuclear extract. A “supershift” observed in the presence of antibodies to the individual transcription factors confirmed that these factors were present in the shifted band, indeed. NFY and Sp1 are instrumental in several physiological and pathophysiological effects mediated by several growth factors in smooth muscle cells. Thus the regulation of the promoter, in response to serum, was also analysed. 10% foetal calf serum led to decreased alpha-1 sGC level as shown by western blots performed with rat aorta. Decreased sGC alpha-1 mRNA expression was observed in RLF-6 cells and cultured rat aortic smooth muscle cells incubated with FCS for 24 hours. This decrease was reflected in the promoter activity in RLF-6 cells using both Alpha3000 and Alpha200 constructs confirming that the regulation took place at promoter level. EMSA performed with nuclear extracts from FCS treated RLF-6 cells led to diminished binding to NFY, but to an enhanced binding to Sp1 site. We concluded that the factors Sp1 and NFY (the sites overlapping) compete for binding, and in the presence of FCS, it is Sp1 that binds stronger, and hence results in diminishing promoter activity. In order to delineate the post-transcriptional regulation of sGC alpha-1 subunit, studies were performed to demonstrate the regulation of expression of the mRNA stabilizing protein HuR. It has been observed that exposure of isolated rat aortic segments to the activator of adenylyl cyclase, forskolin, strongly reduced sGC alpha-1/beta-1 and HuR protein and mRNA expression in a time-dependent and actinomycin D-sensitive fashion. Transcription factor decoy approach proved that the cAMP-induced down-regulation of HuR is mediated by the activation of AP-1. It has been established that HuR stabilises the sGC alpha-1 and beta-1 mRNA. However the pathway underlying this regulation remains unknown. In order to identify the mechanism of this regulation, we looked for HuR interacting proteins employing the yeast two hybrid assay. The enzyme of the polyamine catabolic pathway spermidine/spermine N1-acetyltransferase (SSAT) was found to interact with the hinge region of HuR. This interaction was confirmed by performing immunoprecipitation and GST-pulldown experiments. A direct effect of these proteins on each other’s biological activity was not visible as tested through the SSAT activity assay and HuR gel shift. It might be possible that SSAT-mediated modulation of local polyamine concentrations enhances/reduces HuR activity and sGC expression to affect cell proliferation. In summary, this study represents an analysis of the rat sGC alpha-1 promoter regulation in rat fibroblast cells and identifies NFY and Sp1 as important factors in sGC alpha-1 expression. It also gives first evidence of sGC regulation at the transcriptional level in response to an external stimulus, and proposes the possible mechanism. It also identifies SSAT as a HuR interacting protein. These might have implications in the various pathophysiological conditions where sGC plays an important role.
Studies in particular of the last decade showed that active neurogenesis continuously takes place in the subventricular zone (SVZ) of the lateral ventricles of the adult rodent brain. Neurogenesis in the SVZ leads to migration of neuroblasts within the rostral migratory stream (RMS) and mature neuron formation mainly in the olfactory bulb (OB). According to present understanding, glial cells with astrocytic properties represent the actual adult neural stem cells. The cell types representing the various cellular transition states leading to the formation of mature neurons as well as the mechanisms controlling adult neurogenesis and neuroblast migration are poorly understood. A previous study from this laboratory demonstrated that the ATP-hydrolyzing enzyme nucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase 2 (NTPDase2) is associated with type B cells, the presumptive neural stem cells. NTPDase2 is a protein of the plasma membrane with its catalytic site facing the extracellular space. It hydrolyzes extracellular nucleoside triphosphates to their respective nucleoside diphosphates. This raises the possibility that the signaling pathway via extracellular nucleotides is involved in the control of adult neurogenesis. Neurons as well as glial cells express several subtypes of receptors (P2 receptors) that are responsive to the nucleotides ATP, ADP, UTP, or UDP. P2X receptors are ATP-gated Na+, K+ and Ca2+ permeable ion channels, P2Y receptors are coupled to trimeric G-proteins. In order to probe for a functional role of nucleotides in adult neurogenesis, the present study referred to an in vitro system (neurospheres). Neurospheres produced from isolates of the mouse SVZ and cultured in the presence of EGF and bFGF expressed the neural stem cell marker nestin and also GFAP, S100β, NTPDase2 and tissue non-specific alkaline phosphatase. Neurospheres generated from the cells of the subventricular zone were multipotenital. This was revealed by immunostaining of differentiated cells with markers for astrocytes, neurons and oligodendrocytes. The presence of ecto-nucleotidase was verified by analyzing the free phosphate released from nucleotides. The tissue non-specific form of alkaline phosphatase was the predominant enzyme. Both NTPDase2 and TNAP could be identified by immunocytochemistry and Western blotting. Hydrolysis was not observed for p-nitrophenyl thymidine monophosphate, a substrate of members of the ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase family (NPP1 to NPP3). Since ecto-nucleotidases control the availability of extracellular nucleotide agonists, neurospheres were studied for the potential expression and functional role of nucleotide receptors. Neurospheres responded to extracellular nucleotides with a transient rise in Ca2+ (ATP = ADP > UTP). The rise in Ca2+ was due to P2Y receptors. The Ca2+ response was unaltered in the absence of extracellular Ca2+ and strongly reduced by thapsigargin, a blocker of internal Ca2+ stores. The P2Y1 antagonist MRS2179 strongly reduced the ATP- or ADP-induced increase in Ca2+, suggesting the involvement of a P2Y1 receptor. In addition, suramin and PPADS, non-selective antagonists for P2 receptors, inhibited most of the Ca2+ response. The agonistic activity of UTP and the lack of response to UDP implied the additional presence of a P2Y2 and/or a P2Y4 receptors and the absence of a functional P2Y6 receptor. RT-PCR experiments demonstrated that neurospheres expressed P2Y1 and P2Y2 receptors but not P2Y4 receptor. That the majority of the Ca2+ response to ATP was mediated via P2Y1 receptors was also confirmed by analysis of P2Y1 knockout mice and by application of the P2Y1 receptor-specific antagonist MRS2179. In addition, agonists of P2Y1 and P2Y2 receptors and low concentrations of adenosine augmented cell proliferation inspite of the presence of mitogenic growth factors. Neurosphere cell proliferation was attenuated after application of MRS2179 and in neurospheres from P2Y1 receptor knockout mice. These results infer a nucleotide receptor-mediated synergism that augments growth factor-mediated cell proliferation. Taken together these results suggest that P2Y-mediated nucleotidergic signalling is involved in neurosphere function and possibly also in adult neurogenesis in situ.