Refine
Year of publication
- 2011 (203) (remove)
Document Type
- Article (122)
- Doctoral Thesis (52)
- Part of Periodical (11)
- Conference Proceeding (6)
- Part of a Book (4)
- Working Paper (3)
- Book (2)
- Other (1)
- Preprint (1)
- Review (1)
Language
- English (128)
- German (74)
- Multiple languages (1)
Has Fulltext
- yes (203) (remove)
Is part of the Bibliography
- no (203)
Keywords
- mitochondria (3)
- Hepatocellular carcinoma (2)
- Outcomes (2)
- TRAIL (2)
- Transarterial chemoembolization (2)
- apoptosis (2)
- chemotherapy (2)
- ADAM-17 (1)
- Achtundsechzig (1)
- Achtundsechziger (1)
Institute
- Medizin (203) (remove)
Event-related potentials (ERPs) are widely used in basic neuroscience and in clinical diagnostic procedures. In contrast, neurophysiological insights from ERPs have been limited, as several different mechanisms lead to ERPs. Apart from stereotypically repeated responses (additive evoked responses), these mechanisms are asymmetric amplitude modulations and phase-resetting of ongoing oscillatory activity. Therefore, a method is needed that differentiates between these mechanisms and moreover quantifies the stability of a response. We propose a constrained subspace independent component analysis that exploits the multivariate information present in the all-to-all relationship of recordings over trials. Our method identifies additive evoked activity and quantifies its stability over trials. We evaluate identification performance for biologically plausible simulation data and two neurophysiological test cases: Local field potential (LFP) recordings from a visuo-motor-integration task in the awake behaving macaque and magnetoencephalography (MEG) recordings of steady-state visual evoked fields (SSVEFs). In the LFPs we find additive evoked response contributions in visual areas V2/4 but not in primary motor cortex A4, although visually triggered ERPs were also observed in area A4. MEG-SSVEFs were mainly created by additive evoked response contributions. Our results demonstrate that the identification of additive evoked response contributions is possible both in invasive and in non-invasive electrophysiological recordings.
IL-22 is an immunoregulatory cytokine displaying pathological functions in models of autoimmunity like experimental psoriasis. Understanding molecular mechanisms driving IL-22, together with knowledge on the capacity of current immunosuppressive drugs to target this process, may open an avenue to novel therapeutic options. Here, we sought to characterize regulation of human IL22 gene expression with focus on the established model of Jurkat T cells. Moreover, effects of the prototypic immunosuppressant cyclosporin A (CsA) were investigated. We report that IL-22 induction by TPA/A23187 (T/A) or αCD3 is inhibited by CsA or related FK506. Similar data were obtained with peripheral blood mononuclear cells or purified CD3(+) T cells. IL22 promoter analysis (-1074 to +156 bp) revealed a role of an NF-AT (-95/-91 nt) and a CREB (-194/-190 nt) binding site for gene induction. Indeed, binding of CREB and NF-ATc2, but not c-Rel, under the influence of T/A to those elements could be proven by ChIP. Because CsA has the capability to impair IκB kinase (IKK) complex activation, the IKKα/β inhibitor IKKVII was evaluated. IKKVII likewise reduced IL-22 induction in Jurkat cells and peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Interestingly, transfection of Jurkat cells with siRNA directed against IKKα impaired IL22 gene expression. Data presented suggest that NF-AT, CREB, and IKKα contribute to rapid IL22 gene induction. In particular the crucial role of NF-AT detected herein may form the basis of direct action of CsA on IL-22 expression by T cells, which may contribute to therapeutic efficacy of the drug in autoimmunity.
Recent genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified genetic variations near the IL28B gene which are strongly associated with spontaneous and treatment-induced clearance of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. Protective IL28B variations are strongly associated with on-treatment viral kinetics and approximately 2-fold increased sustained virologic response (SVR) rates in HCV genotype 1 and 4 patients. In HCV genotype 1 patients, IL28B variations were shown to be the strongest pre-treatment predictor of virologic response. In the treatment of HCV genotype 2 and 3 infected patients, IL28B variations play only a minor role. Preliminary data indicate that IL28B variations are also associated with treatment outcome of regimens, including directly acting antiviral (DAA) agents, though their impact seems to be attenuated compared to standard treatment. Here, we review these important findings and discuss possible implications for clinical decision making in the treatment of HCV infection.
Nosocomial infectious diseases (e.g. influenza, pertussis) are a threat particularly for immunocompromised and vulnerable patients. Although vaccination of healthcare workers (HCWs) constitutes the most convenient and effective means to prevent nosocomial transmissions, vaccine uptake among HCWs remains unacceptably low. Worldwide, numerous studies have demonstrated that nurses have lower vaccination rates than physicians and that there is a relationship between receipt of vaccination by HCWs and knowledge. Measures to improve vaccination rates need to be profession-sensitive as well as specific in their approach in order to achieve sustained success.
Herb induced liver injury (HILI) is a particular challenge that also applies to purported cases presumably caused by black cohosh (BC), an herb commonly used to treat menopausal symptoms. We analyzed and reviewed all published case reports and spontaneous reports of initially alleged BC hepatotoxicity regarding quality of case details and causality assessments. Shortcomings of data quality were more evident in spontaneous reports of regulatory agencies compared to published case reports, but assessments with the scale of CIOMS (Council for the International Organizations of Sciences) or its updated version revealed lack of causality for BC in all cases. The applied causality methods are structured, quantitative, and liver specific with clear preference over an ad hoc causality method or the liver unspecific Naranjo scale. Reviewing the case data and the reports dealing with quality specifications of herbal BC products, there is general lack of analysis with respect to authentication of BC in the BC products used by the patients. However, in one single regulatory study, there was a problem of BC authentication in the analysed BC products, and other reports addressed the question of impurities and adulterants in a few BC products. It is concluded that the use of BC may not exert an overt hepatotoxicity risk, but quality problems in a few BC products were evident that require additional regulatory quality specifications.
Defects in apoptosis contribute to treatment resistance and poor outcome of pancreatic cancer, calling for novel therapeutic strategies. Here, we provide the first evidence that nuclear factor (NF) κB is required for Smac mimetic– mediated sensitization of pancreatic carcinoma cells for gemcitabine-induced apoptosis. The Smac mimetic BV6 cooperates with gemcitabine to reduce cell viability and to induce apoptosis. In addition, BV6 significantly enhances the cytotoxicity of several anticancer drugs against pancreatic carcinoma cells, including doxorubicin, cisplatin, and 5-fluorouracil. Molecular studies reveal that BV6 stimulates NF-κB activation, which is further increased in the presence of gemcitabine. Importantly, inhibition of NF-κB by overexpression of the dominant-negative IκBα superrepressor significantly decreases BV6- and gemcitabine-induced apoptosis, demonstrating that NF-κB exerts a proapoptotic function in this model of apoptosis. In support of this notion, inhibition of tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) by the TNFα blocking antibody Enbrel reduces BV6- and gemcitabine-induced activation of caspase 8 and 3, loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, and apoptosis. By demonstrating that BV6 and gemcitabine trigger a NF-κB–dependent, TNFα-mediated loop to activate apoptosis signaling pathways and caspase-dependent apoptotic cell death, our findings have important implications for the development of Smac mimetic–based combination protocols in the treatment of pancreatic cancer.
Searching for new strategies to bypass apoptosis resistance, we investigated the potential of the Smac mimetic BV6 in Jurkat leukemia cells deficient in key molecules of the death receptor pathway. Here, we demonstrate for the first time that Smac mimetic primes apoptosis-resistant, FADD- or caspase-8-deficient leukemia cells for TNFα-induced necroptosis in a synergistic manner. In contrast to TNFα, Smac mimetic significantly enhances CD95-induced apoptosis in wild-type but not in FADD-deficient cells. Interestingly, Smac mimetic- and TNFα-mediated cell death occurs without characteristic features of apoptosis (i.e., caspase activation, DNA fragmentation) in FADD-deficient cells. By comparison, Smac mimetic and TNFα trigger activation of caspase-8, -9, and -3 and DNA fragmentation in wild-type cells. Consistently, the caspase inhibitor zVAD.fmk fails to block Smac mimetic- and TNFα-triggered cell death in FADD- or caspase-8-deficient cells, while it confers protection in wild-type cells. By comparison, necrostatin-1, an RIP1 kinase inhibitor, abolishes Smac mimetic- and TNFα-induced cell death in FADD- or caspase-8-deficient. Thus, Smac mimetic enhances TNFα-induced cell death in leukemia cells via two distinct pathways in a context-dependent manner: it primes apoptosis-resistant cells lacking FADD or caspase-8 to TNFα-induced, RIP1-dependent and caspase-independent necroptosis, whereas it sensitizes apoptosis-proficient cells to TNFα-mediated, caspase-dependent apoptosis. These findings have important implications for the therapeutic exploitation of necroptosis as an alternative cell death program to overcome apoptosis resistance.
Die kutane Wundheilung hat die funktionelle Wiederherstellung der Gewebeintegrität nach Schädigung zum Ziel. Sie erfolgt im Sinne einer gesteuerten Kaskade von sequentiellen Ereignissen. Diese umfassen die Hämostase, die Inflammation, die Granulation, die Reepithelialisierung und das Remodeling. Die zugrundeliegenden Prozesse werden von einer Vielzahl proinflammatorischer Zytokine und Wachstumsfaktoren reguliert. Neben diesen Proteinmediatoren ist eine Beteiligung löslicher Kleinmoleküle, wie dem Stickstoffmonoxid (NO), für die Regulation der Wundheilung bekannt.
NO ist ein flüchtiges Radikal, welches enzymatisch durch die Isoformen der Stickstoffmonoxidsynthasen (NOS) aus der Aminosäure L-Arginin synthetisiert wird. NO entfaltet ein breites Spektrum physiologischer und pathophysiologischer Effekte. Dabei ist für die induzierbare NOS (iNOS) eine relevante Beteiligung an epithelialen Prozessen hinreichend dokumentiert. FRANK et al. [1998] konnten eine starke Induktion der iNOS während der kutanen Wundheilung sowie einen funktionellen Zusammenhang zu den NO-Wirkungen auf Keratinozyten zeigen, die in Verbindung mit der enzymatischen Funktion der iNOS stehen.
Eine gestörte kutane Wundheilung wurde auch für Mäuse mit Defizienz der endothelialen NOS (eNOS) beschrieben. Die Beteiligung der eNOS an der Wundheilung war bislang jedoch weitgehend unklar. Die vorliegende Arbeit hatte zum Ziel, die Expressionsmuster der eNOS im Wundheilungsverlauf in gesunden und diabetischen Mäusen aufzuzeigen.
In einem kutanen Wundheilungsmodell in Mäusen konnte die Expression von eNOS mRNA und Protein gezeigt werden. Die Expressionskinetik zeigte eine moderate Induktion der eNOS in den frühen Wundheilungsphasen. Diese ließ sich nicht mit einer endothelialen Expressionsänderung erklären, wie es Untersuchungen mit CD31 als pan-endothelialem Marker nahe legten.
Immunhistochemisch konnten Gefäßendothelien des Granulationsgewebes, Keratinozyten der Wundränder, das sich ausbildende Neo-Epithel und Haarfollikel als zusätzliche Quellen der eNOS Proteinexpression in Wunden identifiziert werden. Die eNOS Färbung zeigte sich dabei begrenzt auf die suprabasal gelegenen Keratinozyten der benannten Epithelien. Die Expression der eNOS in Keratinozyten konnte schließlich auch in kultivierten primären humanen Keratinozyten und HaCaT Keratinozyten auf mRNA-Ebene bestätigt werden.
Darüber hinaus zeigte sich ein funktioneller Zusammenhang zwischen eNOS Expression und epithelialer Proliferation: So bildeten eNOS-defiziente Mäuse deutlich reduzierte Wundrandepithelien aus, die durch eine verminderte Proliferation der Keratinozyten charakterisiert waren. Untersuchungen an diabetischen Mäusen (db/db) stützten diesen funktionellen Zusammenhang. In den Expressionskinetiken in diabetischen Tieren zeigte sich eine deutlich reduzierte Expression von eNOS mRNA und Protein vor allem in den späten Wundheilungsphasen.
In der vorliegenden Arbeit werden die zeitliche Expression der eNOS, die Detektion der eNOS in Wunden sowie deren Alteration in diabetischen Mäusen mit Bezug auf ihre funktionelle Bedeutung in der kutanen Wundheilung abschließend diskutiert.