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Die aktuellste Justizreform in Polen: ist dies das endgültige Ende der Rechtsstaatlichkeit? (2017)

Magdalena Okonska

Während der Streit um den Verfassungsgerichtshof aus polnischer Sicht als mittlerweile beendet gilt, versucht die Europäische Union eine passende Lösung zu finden, die in der Empfehlung der Kommission geäußerten Forderungen durchzusetzen. Die regierende Partei "Recht und Gerechtigkeit" beschließt jedoch in der Zwischenzeit weitere Justizreformen, die genauso, wie das umstrittene Verfassungsgerichtshofgesetz, gegen die Grundsätze der Europäischen Union aus Art. 2 EUV, vor allem gegen die Rechtsstaatlichkeit und Demokratie, verstoßen können. ...

Die Dritte Option: Für wen? (2017)

Chris Ambrosi

Sollte der Gesetzgeber eine Dritte Option im Personenstandsrecht einführen, so wird er sich damit auseinandersetzen müssen, wer Zugang zu dieser Dritten Option erhalten soll. Dieser Beitrag geht der Frage nach, was sich aus der Entscheidung vom 10. Oktober 2017 dazu entnehmen lässt: Muss die dritte Option neben inter*geschlechtlichen Menschen auch allen anderen offen stehen, die sich weder als Mann noch als Frau verstehen?

Autophagy in cancer therapy (2017)

Simone Fulda

Autophagy represents a catabolic program involved in the degradation of cellular components via lysosomes. It serves to mitigate cellular stress and to provide metabolic precursors especially upon starvation. Thereby, autophagy can support the survival of cancer cells. In addition, there is now convincing evidence showing that under certain conditions autophagy can also foster cell death. This dual function of autophagy is also relevant upon anticancer treatment, as many chemotherapeutic agents engage autophagy. A better understanding of the molecular mechanisms that are critical for mediating autophagic cell death in cancer cells will be instrumental to selectively interfere with this cellular program in order to increase the cancer cell’s response to cytotoxic drugs. This review illustrates how anticancer drug-induced autophagy is involved in mediating cell death.

What to expect from your remote eye-tracker when participants are unrestrained (2017)

Diederick C. Niehorster Tim H. W. Cornelissen Kenneth Holmqvist Ignace T. C. Hooge Roy S. Hessels

The marketing materials of remote eye-trackers suggest that data quality is invariant to the position and orientation of the participant as long as the eyes of the participant are within the eye-tracker’s headbox, the area where tracking is possible. As such, remote eye-trackers are marketed as allowing the reliable recording of gaze from participant groups that cannot be restrained, such as infants, schoolchildren and patients with muscular or brain disorders. Practical experience and previous research, however, tells us that eye-tracking data quality, e.g. the accuracy of the recorded gaze position and the amount of data loss, deteriorates (compared to well-trained participants in chinrests) when the participant is unrestrained and assumes a non-optimal pose in front of the eye-tracker. How then can researchers working with unrestrained participants choose an eye-tracker? Here we investigated the performance of five popular remote eye-trackers from EyeTribe, SMI, SR Research, and Tobii in a series of tasks where participants took on non-optimal poses. We report that the tested systems varied in the amount of data loss and systematic offsets observed during our tasks. The EyeLink and EyeTribe in particular had large problems. Furthermore, the Tobii eye-trackers reported data for two eyes when only one eye was visible to the eye-tracker. This study provides practical insight into how popular remote eye-trackers perform when recording from unrestrained participants. It furthermore provides a testing method for evaluating whether a tracker is suitable for studying a certain target population, and that manufacturers can use during the development of new eye-trackers.

Conserved charge fluctuations are not conserved during the hadronic phase (2017)

Jan Steinheimer Volodymyr Vovchenko Jörg Aichelin Marcus Bleicher Horst Stöcker

We study the correlation between the distributions of the net-charge, net-kaon, net-baryon and net-proton number at hadronization and after the final hadronic decoupling by simulating ultra relativistic heavy ion collisions with the hybrid version of the ultrarelativistic quantum molecular dynamics (UrQMD) model. We find that due to the hadronic rescattering these distributions are not strongly correlated. The calculated change of the correlation, during the hadronic expansion stage, does not support the recent paradigm, namely that the measured final moments of the experimentally observed distributions do give directly the values of those distributions at earlier times, when the system had been closer to the QCD crossover.

Distillation of scalar exchange by coherent hypernucleus production in antiproton–nucleus collisions (2017)

Alexei B. Larionov Horst Lenske

The total and angular differential cross sections of the coherent process p¯ + A Z → A (Z − 1) + ¯ are evaluated at the beam momenta 1.5 ÷ 20 GeV/c within the meson exchange model with bound proton and -hyperon wave functions. It is shown that the shape of the beam momentum dependence of the hypernucleus production cross sections with various discrete states is strongly sensitive to the presence of the scalar κ-meson exchange in the p p¯ → ¯ amplitude. This can be used as a clean test of the exchange by scalar π K correlation in coherent p A¯ reactions.

What is the magnetic field distribution for the equation of state of magnetized neutron stars? (2017)

Veronica Dexheimer Bruno Franzon Renata de Oliveira Gomes Ricardo L. S. Farias Sidney dos Santos Avancini Stefan Schramm

In this Letter, we report a realistic calculation of the magnetic field profile for the equation of state inside strongly magnetized neutron stars. Unlike previous estimates, which are widely used in the literature, we find that magnetic fields increase relatively slowly with increasing baryon chemical potential (or baryon density) of magnetized matter. More precisely, the increase is polynomial instead of exponential, as previously assumed. Through the analysis of several different realistic models for the microscopic description of stellar matter (including hadronic, hybrid and quark models) combined with general relativistic solutions endowed with a poloidal magnetic field obtained by solving Einstein–Maxwell's field equations in a self-consistent way, we generate a phenomenological fit for the magnetic field distribution in the stellar polar direction to be used as input in microscopic calculations.

Unparticle Casimir effect (2017)

Antonia M. Frassino Piero Nicolini Orlando Panella

In this paper we present the un-Casimir effect, namely the study of the Casimir energy in the presence of an unparticle component in addition to the electromagnetic field contribution. The distinctive feature of the un-Casimir effect is a fractalization of metallic plates. This result emerges through a new dependence of the Casimir energy on the plate separation that scales with a continuous power controlled by the unparticle dimension. As long as the perfect conductor approximation is valid, we find bounds on the unparticle scale that are independent of the effective coupling constant between the scale invariant sector and ordinary matter. We find regions of the parameter space such that for plate distances around 5 μm and larger the un-Casimir bound wins over the other bounds.

Equilibration and freeze-out of an expanding gas in a transport approach in a Friedmann–Robertson–Walker metric (2017)

Joseph Tindall Juan M. Torres-Rincon Jean-Bernard Rose Hannah Petersen

Motivated by a recent finding of an exact solution of the relativistic Boltzmann equation in a Friedmann–Robertson–Walker spacetime, we implement this metric into the newly developed transport approach Simulating Many Accelerated Strongly-interacting Hadrons (SMASH). We study the numerical solution of the transport equation and compare it to this exact solution for massless particles. We also compare a different initial condition, for which the transport equation can be independently solved numerically. Very nice agreement is observed in both cases. Having passed these checks for the SMASH code, we study a gas of massive particles within the same spacetime, where the particle decoupling is forced by the Hubble expansion. In this simple scenario we present an analysis of the freeze-out times, as function of the masses and cross sections of the particles. The results might be of interest for their potential application to relativistic heavy-ion collisions, for the characterization of the freeze-out process in terms of hadron properties.

Repulsive baryonic interactions and lattice QCD observables at imaginary chemical potential (2017)

Volodymyr Vovchenko Attila Pásztor Zoltán Fodor Sandor D. Katzeg Horst Stöcker

The first principle lattice QCD methods allow to calculate the thermodynamic observables at finite temperature and imaginary chemical potential. These can be compared to the predictions of various phenomenological models. We argue that Fourier coefficients with respect to imaginary baryochemical potential are sensitive to modeling of baryonic interactions. As a first application of this sensitivity, we consider the hadron resonance gas (HRG) model with repulsive baryonic interactions, which are modeled by means of the excluded volume correction. The Fourier coefficients of the imaginary part of the netbaryon density at imaginary baryochemical potential – corresponding to the fugacity or virial expansion at real chemical potential – are calculated within this model, and compared with the Nt = 12 lattice data. The lattice QCD behavior of the first four Fourier coefficients up to T 185 MeV is described fairly well by an interacting HRG with a single baryon–baryon eigenvolume interaction parameter b 1 fm3, while the available lattice data on the difference χB 2 − χB 4 of baryon number susceptibilities is reproduced up to T 175 MeV.

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