Refine
Year of publication
- 2004 (1707) (remove)
Document Type
- Article (662)
- Doctoral Thesis (244)
- Part of a Book (153)
- Part of Periodical (143)
- Working Paper (114)
- Review (111)
- Book (60)
- Preprint (55)
- Conference Proceeding (48)
- Report (47)
Language
- German (1195)
- English (465)
- French (17)
- Portuguese (9)
- Multiple languages (6)
- Spanish (6)
- mis (4)
- Italian (2)
- Turkish (2)
Keywords
- Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (38)
- Deutsch (34)
- Frankfurt <Main> / Universität (29)
- Deutschland (27)
- Syntax (27)
- Rezension (24)
- Generative Transformationsgrammatik (23)
- Anton Ulrich <Braunschweig-Wolfenbüttel (19)
- Herzog> / Octavia (19)
- Wortstellung (19)
Institute
- Medizin (129)
- Physik (105)
- Extern (91)
- Biochemie und Chemie (69)
- Wirtschaftswissenschaften (57)
- Rechtswissenschaft (51)
- Universitätsbibliothek (31)
- Center for Financial Studies (CFS) (30)
- Biowissenschaften (29)
- Erziehungswissenschaften (29)
1 Einleitung 2 Die Religionskonzeption des Brief des Pastors im Kontext der Religionsvorstellungen der Aufklärung 3 Die Umdeutung religiöser Schemata zum modernen Individualitätskonzept 3.1 "Elend" und ‘Erlösung’ in Luthers Theologie 3.2 Die "Erlösung" als Begrün-dung und Legitimation "sinnlich-irdischer Individualität" 3.2.1 Die Rolle Christi 3.2.2 Die Rolle der Sakramente 3.2.3 "Erlösung" und "Heil" 3.3 Das "Elend" der Selbstentfremdung 3.4 Religion, Liebe und Kunst als Korrespondenzräume sozial exkludierter Individualität 4 Schluß
In dieser Arbeit soll eine Religionstheorie entwickelt werden, die für den interdisziplinären Dialog über Religion und auch für die empirische Forschung neue Impulse gibt. Die Begriffe "Religion" und "Religiosität", die dabei eine zentrale Rolle spielen, sind nicht leicht handhabbar, für eine Religionspsychologie jedoch unverzichtbar. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird der Begriff "Religion" verwendet, soweit es um bestimmte, institutionalisierte Aspekte geht, während "Religiosität" für die Erlebens- und Handlungsaspekte des einzelnen Menschen verwendet wird. Es ist jedoch nicht immer möglich, zwischen den beiden Begriffen streng zu unterscheiden. Darüber hinaus ist es wichtig, zwischen Ideologie und Religion zu unterscheiden. Gerade Fromms weit gefasste Religionsdefinition, die diese Differenzierung bewusst ablehnt, hat zu vielen Problemen und Kontroversen geführt. Eine Differenzierung ist jedoch schwierig, vor allem deswegen, weil der Begriff "Ideologie" vieldeutig verwendet wird. Dennoch lässt sich festhalten, dass Ideologien moderne Gebilde sind, die eine bereits existierende bürgerliche Gesellschaft voraussetzen. Diese modernen Denksysteme werden auf der Grundlage des abendländischen Geschichtsbewusstseins entwickelt und beziehen sich auf noch zu verwirklichende Utopien. Insofern sind Ideologien als Programme für eine bessere Welt zu verstehen. Religionen dagegen müssen weder eine geschichtliche Entwicklung postulieren noch eine Utopie anstreben. Obwohl Religionen bisweilen ideologische Züge aufweisen, ist es vor diesem Hintergrund doch möglich, zwischen Ideologie und Religion zu differenzieren. Eine neue Religionstheorie soll bestehende funktionale, substanzielle und anlageorientierte Ansätze in einen neuen theoretischen Rahmen integrieren und somit neue Impulse für die Forschung in den Bereichen Religion und Gesundheit, religiöse Entwicklung und religiöse Erfahrung geben. Gegenstand der vorliegenden Untersuchung ist ein vorempirischer Fragenkomplex bezüglich der anthropologischen und wissenschaftstheoretischen Vorannahmen einer Religionspsychologie. Dabei besteht die Aufgabe in der Erarbeitung einer Religionstheorie, die diese Vorannahmen logisch begründet und empirisch überprüfbar formuliert. Hier wird weder eine richtungsspezifische (z.B. psychoanalytische oder behavioristische) noch eine teilgebietsorientierte Vorgehensweise gewählt, sondern es wird im Hinblick auf den interdisziplinären Anspruch der Arbeit versucht, mit Rückgriff auf die dialogische Anthropologie Martin Bubers einen für die Psychologie neuen relationalen Zugang zum Forschungsgegenstand zu finden und logisch zu überprüfen. Die in dieser Arbeit entwickelte relationale Grundlage für eine Religionspsychologie soll auch einen einheitlichen Bezugsrahmen für die bisherige fragmentarische religionspsychologische Forschung liefern.
Report from NA49
(2004)
The most recent data of NA49 on hadron production in nuclear collisions at CERN SPS energies are presented. Anomalies in the energy dependence of pion and kaon production in central Pb+Pb collisions are observed. They suggest that the onset of deconfinement is located at about 30 AGeV. Large multiplicity and transverse momentum fluctuations are measured for collisions of intermediate mass systems at 158 AGeV. The need for a new experimental programme at the CERN SPS is underlined.
Background and Aim: In Germany, the discharge medication is usually reported to the general practitioner (GP) by an inital short report (SR) /notification (handed over to the patient) and later by a more detailed discharge letter (DL) of the hospital.
Material and Method: We asked N=536 GPs (from Frankfurt/Main and Luebeck) after the typical report format of their patients discharge medication by the local hospitals. The questionnaire asked for 26 items covering (1) the designation of the medication (brand name, generic name) in SR and DL, (2) further specifications e.g. possibilities of generic substitution or supervision of sensible medications, (3) reasons why GPs do not follow the hospitals recommendations and (4) possibilities for an improvement in the medication-related communication between GP and hospitals.
Results: 39% GPs responded sufficiently to the questionnaire. The majority of the GPs (82%) quoted that in the SR only brand names are given (often or ever) and neither the generic name or any further information on generic substitution is available (seldom or never). 65% of the responders quoted that even in the DL only brand names are given. Only 41% of the responders quoted that further treatment relevant specifications are given (often or ever). 95% responded that new medications or change of custom medication is seldom or never explained in the DL and GP were not explicitly informed about relevant medication changes. 58% of the responders quoted economic reasons for re-adjustment of the discharge medication e.g. by generic substitution. The majority of responders (83%) are favouring (useful or very useful) a pre-discharge information (e.g. via fax) about the medication and 54% a hot-line to some relevant person in the hospital when treatment problems emerge. 67% of the responders quoted in favour of regular meetings between GPs and hospital doctors regarding actual pharmacotherapy.
Conclusion: In conclusion, our survey pointed to marked deficiencies in reporting the discharge medication to GPs.
Conflict of interest: None
In April 2002 the European Central Bank (ECB) and the Center for Financial Studies (CFS) launched the ECB-CFS Research Network to promote research on “Capital Markets and Financial Integration in Europe”. The ECB-CFS research network aims at stimulating top-level and policy-relevant research, significantly contributing to the understanding of the current and future structure and integration of the financial system in Europe and its international linkages with the United States and Japan. This report summarises the work done under the network after two years. Over time the network formed a coherent and growing group of researchers interested in the integration of European financial markets, while using light organisational structures and budgets. The members of this evolving group met repeatedly at the events organised by the network to present the latest results of their research and to share views on policy options. In this sense, the “network of people” intended at the start was created. Overall, the network aroused great interest, as leading academic researchers, researchers from the main policy institutions and high-level policy makers participated actively in it by presenting research results, through speeches and in policy panels. It also stimulated a new research field on securities settlement systems, an area of high policy relevance and interest to the ECB that had not attracted much interest in the research community beforehand. Also, the network seems to have triggered several related outside initiatives by international institutions, such as the IMF or the OECD. During its first two years the network was organised around three workshops and a final symposium on 10-11 May 2004. To focus research resources and to ensure medium-term policy relevance, a limited number of areas have been given top priority: bank competition and the geographical scope of banking; international portfolio choices and asset market linkages between Europe, the United States and Japan; European bond markets; European securities settlement systems; and the emergence and evolution of new markets in Europe (in particular start-up financing markets). In order to stimulate further research focused on the priority fields of the network, the ECB Lamfalussy research fellowships were established. These fellowships sponsor projects proposed by young researchers, both a dvanced doctoral students and younger professors. Five Lamfalussy fellowships were granted in 2003 and five more in 2004. The first papers from this program have already been issued in the ECB working paper series or are forthcoming. One of them won the prize for the best paper written by a Ph.D. student at the 2004 European Finance Association Meetings in Maastricht. Results of the network in the five top priority areas can be summarised as follows: Bank competition and the geographical scope of banking. First, integration does not appear to be very advanced in many retail banking markets. Second, some of the inherent characteristics of traditional loan and deposit business constrain the cross-border expansion of commercial banking, even in a common currency area. Hence, the implementation of some policies to foster cross-border integration in retail banking may be ineffective. Third, theoretical research suggests that supervisory structures may not be neutral towards further European banking integration. Finally, a stronger role of area-wide competition policies could be beneficial for further banking integration. This would also stimulate economic growth, as more competition in the banking sector induces financially dependent firms to grow more. European bond markets. While the government bond market has integrated rapidly with the EMU convergence process, its full integration has not yet been achieved. The introduction of a common electronic trading platform reduced transaction costs substantially, but yield spreads of long-term sovereign bonds of the euro area are still heterogeneous. This is largely explained by different sensitivities to an international risk factor, whereas liquidity differentials only play a role in conjunction with this latter factor. Somewhat surprisingly in this context, the dynamically developing corporate bond market exhibits a relatively high level of integration. There is also increasing evidence that the introduction of the euro has contributed to a reduction in the cost of capital in the euro area, in particular through the reduction of corporate bond underwriting fees. As a result, firms may wish to increase bond financing relative to equity financing. The development of a larger corporate bond market is also important for monetary policy. For example, US evidence suggests that the rating of corporate bonds may contribute to the persistence of recessions, as rating agencies´ policies affect firms asymmetrically in their access to the bond market over the business cycle. US evidence also suggests that liquidity conditions in stock and bond markets tend to be positively correlated. European securities settlement systems. European securities settlement infrastructures are highly fragmented and further integration and/or consolidation would exploit economies of scale that could greatly benefit investors. It is not clear, however, whether direct public intervention in favour of consolidation would lead to the highest level of efficiency, for example because of the existence of strong vertical integration between trading and securities platforms (“silos”). In contrast, promoting open access to clearing and settlement systems could lead to consolidation and the highest level of efficiency. Finally, regarding concerns about unfair practices by Central Securities Depositories (CSDs) toward custodian banks, regulatory interventions favouring custodian banks should be discouraged, as long as CSDs are not allowed to price discriminate between custodian banks and investor banks. The emergence and evolution of new markets in Europe (in particular start-up financing markets). While fairly well integrated, “new markets” and start-up financing are less developed and integrated in Europe than in the United States. However, new markets and venture capitalists are the most important intermediaries for the financing of projects with high risk but with potentially very high return. The analysis carried out within the network reveals that European start-up financiers are mostly institutional investors, while US venture capitalists are mostly rich individuals. Also, new markets are essential for the development of start-up finance in Europe, as they provide an exit strategy for start-up financiers who can then sell new successful projects using initial public offerings. Finally, the legal framework affects the development of venture capital firms. For example, very strict personal bankruptcy laws constrain early stage entrepreneurs, reducing demand for venture capital finance. International portfolio choices and asset market linkages between Europe, the United States and Japan. At a global scale, asset market linkages have increased recently. For example, major economies such as the United States and the euro area have become more financially interdependent. This phenomenon can be observed in stock and bond markets as well as in money markets, where the main direction of spillovers has recently been from the US to the euro area. Country-specific shocks now play a smaller role in explaining stock return variations of firms whose sales are internationally diversified. Increases in firmby-firm market linkages are a global phenomenon, but they are stronger within the euro area than in the rest of the world. Various other phenomena also increase market linkages and therefore the likelihood that financial shocks spread across countries. One example is the use of global bonds. Finally, the nowadays more direct access of unsophisticated investors to financial markets may increase volatility. Other areas. Financial integration affects financial structures, but it does not need to lead to their convergence across countries. Financial structures matter for growth, as market-oriented financial systems benefit all sectors and firms, whereas bank-based systems primarily benefit younger firms that depend on external finance. Moreover, good corporate governance increases firms’ value. In particular, the dual board system, where the monitoring and advising roles of the board of directors are separated, is found to dominate the single board structure. Therefore, the further development of the European single market should strongly require good corporate governance. In general, well designed institutions foster entrepreneurial activity, partly by relaxing capital constraints. The results of the network clearly illustrated the substantial effects the introduction of the euro had on euro area financial markets. In addition to the effects on bond markets, stock markets and the cost of capital summarised above, research produced showed that the single currency had its strongest effects on money markets, whose unsecured segment is now completely integrated. Without any doubt the euro generally enhanced the liquidity and efficiency of euro area financial markets, and ongoing initiatives such as the European Union’s Financial Services Action Plan will help to continue this process. In sum, in the first two years the network has established itself as the hub for the research debate on European financial integration. Some of the best papers produced by the network, leading to the conclusions mentioned above, are currently being considered for publication in two special issues of academic journals. An issue of the Oxford Review of Economic Policy on “European financial integration” is published contemporaneously with this report, and an issue of the Review of Finance is planned for next year. The current policy context, the gradual progress of integration as well as the creation of other related non-ECB or non-CFS initiatives on financial integration suggest that this topic will remain high on the agendas of policy makers and academics for the years to come. Therefore, the ECB Executive Board and the CFS decided to continue the network, refocusing its priorities. Three priority areas have been added: 1) The relationship between financial integration and financial stability, 2) EU accession, financial development and financial integration, and 3) financial system modernisation and economic growth in Europe. These three areas have become particularly important at the current juncture, but have not received particularly strong attention in the first two years of the network. For example, the area of financial stability research was highlighted by the ECB research evaluators as an area deserving further development. Moreover, despite the results found in the first two years of the network, new developments remain to be further explored in the earlier priority areas. A three-year extension is envisaged, running from after the May 2004 symposium until 2007, with two events to be held per year. The threeyear period is long enough to consider the first effects of the Financial Services Action Plan. It also constitutes a realistic horizon for the ambitious agenda implied by the three new priorities. The generally light organisational structure and working of the network will not be changed. In addition, given the value of the Lamfalussy fellowship research program in inducing further research in the areas of the network, the program has also been extended for all the research topics in the area of the network.
Background The detection of the new Coranavirus (CoV) causing agent of the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) for diagnostic purposes is still a critical step in prevention of secondary hospital infections. In this respect the PCR for SARS diagnostic is the fastest and most sensitive method and was published very early after the description of the new pathogen by different groups. To evaluate the quality and sensitivity of the SARS PCR performed in diagnostic laboratories all over the world an external quality assurance (EQA) for SARS PCR was initiated by the WHO, the European Network for Diagnostics of "Imported" Viral Diseases (ENIVD) and the Robert Koch-Institut. Methods Therefore 10 samples of inactivated SARS CoV strains isolated in Frankfurt and Hong Kong in different dilutions and negative controls were prepared. The freeze dried samples were send by mail to 62 different laboratories, in 37 countries in Europe and Israel (35), Asia (11), The Americas (11), Australia and New Zealand (4) and Africa (1). The results were returned by email or fax 1 week (13), 2 weeks (14), 3 weeks (6) and later (29) after receiving the material which does not mimic at all the possible speed of this fast method. But this was not considered in the evaluation of these first SARS EQA. Results 44 laboratories showed good or excellent results (26 = 100%, 18 = 90%) and even the 14 laboratories which archived only 80% (10) or 70% (4) correct results are mostly lacking sensitivity. The results of the other 4 laboratories show basic problems in regard to sensitivity, specificity and consistency of results and must be overcome as soon as possible. 4 laboratories seem to have problems with the specificity finding a positive signal in negative samples. The different methods used for preparation of the SARS CoV genome and diagnostic PCR test procedure used by the participating laboratories will be discussed in more detail in the presentation. Conclusion However, in contrast to previous EQAs for Ebola, Lassa and Orthopoxviruses the quality of PCR results was rather good which might be caused by the early publication and distribution of well developed PCR methods. An EQA for evaluation of SARS specific serology is still ongoing, first results will be available beginning of April 2004.
Wir beschäftigten uns in dieser Dissertation mit der Frage wie sich die verschiedenen Frakturarten im zeitlichen Verlauf und unter verschiedenen Therapiephilosophien (konservativ, operativ) entwickeln und wie sich Dies auf das subjektive Befinden der Patienten auswirkt. Zur Einteilung der Frakturen verwendeten wir die Klassifikation nach Magerl et al.[49]. Im internationalen Vergleich konnte unsere Studie durchaus erfreuliche Ergebnisse erzielen, die konservative Therapiegruppe wies im Mittel bei der Nachuntersuchung zwar einen deutlich schlechteren Wert beim KW und GDW auf als die Gruppe von Seybold [72], hatte jedoch auch einen schlechtern Ausgangswert bei Therapiebeginn. Die Patienten gaben bei der Nachuntersuchung im Mittel leichten Schmerz an, dies entspricht den Ergebnissen anderer Veröffentlichungen [20,72,83] zum konservativen Therapieschema. Die Gruppe der operativ therapierten Patienten zeigt im Mittel gute Repositionsergebnisse und im zeitlichen Ablauf geringe Korrekturverluste. Die Schmerzangaben sind mit im Mittel mäßigem Schmerz eine ganze Stufe schlechter als bei der konservativen Therapiegruppe. In der Literatur werden uneinheitliche Erfahrungen geschildert, Chan [20] und Seybold [72] berichten über weniger Schmerz in ihren den konservativ behandelten Gruppen. Gertzbein [34] berichtet in seiner Multicenterstudie über eine nicht signifikant höhere Schmerzangabe in der konservativer Gruppe. Nicoll [60] stellte schon 1949 die Hypothese auf, dass ein gutes funktionelles Ergebnis nicht unbedingt von einem guten anatomischen Ergebnis abhängt. Finn und Stauffer [31] und Mick et al. [56] befanden das konservative Vorgehen bei neurologisch unauffälligen Patienten für sinnvoll, während ein operatives Vorgehen bei Fällen mit ligamentärer oder knöcherner Verletzung der hinteren Säule indiziert wäre. In der Literatur wurde bisher nicht über positive Korrelation zwischen Kyphosegrad und Schmerz berichtet [57,65,83], in unserer Studie errechneten wir in einer kleinen Patientengruppe mit dorso-ventraler Fusion und Kyphosewinkel größer 9° und kleiner 20° (n=5) eine signifikante Korrelation zwischen Kyphose den Schmerzangaben der Patienten. Die Betrachtung aller Patienten mit einem Kyphosewinkel größer 9° (n=6) schließt einen Patient mehr ein, diese Gruppe hatte einen deutlich schlechtern Korrelationskoeffizienten. In den sonstigen Patientengruppen ergab sich keine weiteren positiven Korrelationen, sowohl nicht auf konservativer als auch nicht auf operativer Seite. Ein zufällig entstandener Wert liegt hier nah. Die Untersuchung der Auswirkungen der Wirbelfrakturen auf die Zwischenwirbelräume im verletzten, im kranialen und im kaudalen Bewegungssegment erbrachte eine Annäherung der Grund- und Deckplatten im wesentlichen nur im verletzten Segment bei konservativ therapierten Patienten. Bei vielen Frakturen ist hier von einer Mitverletzung der Bandscheibe auszugehen. Die an einen Fixateur angrenzenden Zwischenwirbelräume zeigten keine signifikanten Reaktionen. Bei der Auswertung der Studie fiel uns auf, dass die Patienten mit Mehrfachfrakturen in ihren Gruppen regelmäßig deutlich bessere Ergebnisse sowohl bei den radiologischen Untersuchungen als auch bei den Subjektivtests im zeitlichen Ablauf erzielten. So erlitten die Patienten mit Mehrfachfrakturen im Schnitt deutlich „leichtere“ Frakturen, hatten eine bessere Heilungstendenz und erzielten insbesondere im subjektiven Bereich bessere Ergebnisse als Patienten mit Einfachfrakturen, was unter der Vorstellung der Verteilung der einwirkenden Kraft auf mehrere Wirbel durchaus plausibel erscheint.