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In der Studie wird die Entwicklung der tschechischen germanistischen Linguistik von ihren Anfängen bis zur Gegenwart skizziert. Es wird darauf hingewiesen, dass sie nach dem Jahre 1989 an ihre besten Traditionen im Bereich der diachronen Forschung angeknüpft und gleichzeitig ihr Forschungsspektrum im Rahmen der Untersuchungen der Gegenwartssprache wesentlich erweitert hat, so dass eine breite Forschungsbasis geschaffen worden ist, die eine außergewöhnliche Chance für die Zukunft darstellt.
Seit mehreren Jahren ist in der Literaturwissenschaft die Rezeption und Adaption evolutionsbiologischer Ansätze en vogue. Eine wichtige These dieser Richtung besagt, dass Produktion und Rezeption von Literatur und ästhetische Erfahrung auf biologisch begründeten anthropologischen Konstanten beruhen. In diesem Beitrag wird der evolutionsbiologische Ansatz in der germanistischen Literaturwissenschaft dargestellt und eine kritische Analyse einiger Adaptionen geliefert. Die Besonderheit der germanistischen 'evolutionsbiologischen' Theoriebildung wird in Zusammenhang mit der jüngeren Geschichte der Disziplin gestellt und es wird gefragt, wieweit der Zugriff auf naturwissenschaftliche Konzeptionen eine Reaktion auf die Diskussion um die gesellschaftliche Relevanz von Literaturwissenschaft ist.
It is no accident that the figuration of rewriting as copying is an image from "One Way Street". This apparently casual assemblage of small, rather belletristic texts - still some of the least explored terrain in all of Benjamin - is in important ways the key to all of Benjamin’s later writing, and especially that writing based on the form of the "Denkbild" or figure of thought. In what follows, I will concentrate on one set of paired examples in order to demonstrate in a more focused way the practice of rewriting and its effects: on the relationship between "Berlin Childhood around 1900" and "One Way Street".
Die ökologische Begleitforschung am Offshore-Windpark „alpha ventus“, 45 km nördlich der Nordseeinsel Borkum, konzentriert sich u. a. auf das Zuggeschehen migrierender Vögel. Erstmals seit Beginn der Datenerhebung im Herbst 2003 präsentieren wir einen mittels verschiedener Fernerkundungsmethoden zeitlich lückenlos erfassten Verlauf einer Massenzugnacht am 1./2.11.2010 während derer es zu einem Massenkollisionsereignis kam. Dieses konnte ursächlich auf die spezifische Konstellation in der Ausprägung verschiedener Wetterparameter zurückgeführt werden. Verstärkte (Massen)Zugbewegungen aus NO am frühen Abend des 1.11.2010 fanden ihren zahlenmäßigen Höhepunkt von etwa 460 Radarechos/h zwischen 19:00 Uhr und 20:00 Uhr MEZ. Ein in etwa zeitgleich stattfindender Wetterumschwung mit einem Wechsel von Rückenwind auf direkten Gegenwind, zunehmender Windgeschwindigkeit und abnehmender Sichtweite schlug sich während der zugstärksten Phase zwischen 19:00 Uhr und 1:00 Uhr in einer kontinuierlichen Abnahme von in höheren Luftschichten fliegenden Vögeln nieder. Ab etwa 4:00 Uhr wurden über 50 % der ziehenden Vögel in niedrigen Höhenbereichen von bis zu 200 m registriert, vermutlich als Reaktion auf plötzlich auftauchende Schlechtwetterbedingungen. Verstärkte Aggregation der Vögel im Wirkungsbereich von FINO1 bzw. künftiger WEAs erhöht das Kollisionsrisiko. Kollisionen konnten durch Video- und Wärmebildaufnahmen an FINO1 bestätigt werden: Mit 88 Totfunden aus der Zugnacht des 1./2.11.2010 platziert sich dieses Ereignis an vierter Stelle der bisher dokumentierten Massenkollisionen an FINO1. Da die Dokumentation solcher (Massen-)Kollisionsereignisse in der Regel erschwert und oftmals methodisch limitiert ist, ist auch die damit verbundene Abschätzung des Gefährdungspotenzials für Vögel auf Populationsebene bislang unmöglich. Das geschilderte Ereignis wirft im Hinblick auf zukünftig geplante WEAs ein chlaglicht auf zu befürchtende quantitative Dimensionen der Opferzahlen.
Globally, tropical forest soils represent the second largest source of N2O and NO. However, there is still considerable uncertainty on the spatial variability and soil properties controlling N trace gas emission. To investigate how soil properties affect N2O and NO emission, we carried out an incubation experiment with soils from 31 locations in the Nyungwe tropical mountain forest in southwestern Rwanda. All soils were incubated at three different moisture levels (50, 70 and 90% water filled pore space (WFPS)) at 17 °C. Nitrous oxide emission varied between 4.5 and 400 μg N m−2 h−1, while NO emission varied from 6.6 to 265 μg N m−2 h−1. Mean N2O emission at different moisture levels was 46.5 ± 11.1 (50% WFPS), 71.7 ± 11.5 (70% WFPS) and 98.8 ± 16.4 (90% WFPS) μg N m−2 h−1, while mean NO emission was 69.3 ± 9.3 (50% WFPS), 47.1 ± 5.8 (70% WFPS) and 36.1 ± 4.2 (90% WFPS) μg N m−2 h−1. The latter suggests that climate (i.e. dry vs. wet season) controls N2O and NO emissions. Positive correlations with soil carbon and nitrogen indicate a biological control over N2O and NO production. But interestingly N2O and NO emissions also showed a negative correlation (only N2O) with soil pH and a positive correlation with free iron. The latter suggest that chemo-denitrification might, at least for N2O, be an important production pathway. In conclusion improved understanding and process based modeling of N trace gas emission from tropical forests will not only benefit from better spatial explicit trace gas emission and basic soil property monitoring, but also by differentiating between biological and chemical pathways for N trace gas formation.
Residual circulation trajectories and transit times into the extratropical lowermost stratosphere
(2011)
Transport into the extratropical lowermost stratosphere (LMS) can be divided into a slow part (time-scale of several months to years) associated with the global-scale stratospheric residual circulation and a fast part (time-scale of days to a few months) associated with (mostly quasi-horizontal) mixing (i.e. two-way irreversible transport, including extratropical stratosphere-troposphere exchange). The stratospheric residual circulation may be considered to consist of two branches: a deep branch more strongly associated with planetary waves breaking in the middle to upper stratosphere, and a shallow branch associated with synoptic and planetary scale waves breaking in the subtropical lower stratosphere. In this study the contribution due to the stratospheric residual circulation alone to transport into the LMS is quantified using residual circulation trajectories, i.e. trajectories driven by the (time-dependent) residual mean meridional and vertical velocities. This contribution represents the advective part of the overall transport into the LMS and can be viewed as providing a background onto which the effect of mixing has to be added. Residual mean velocities are obtained from a comprehensive chemistry-climate model as well as from reanalysis data. Transit times of air traveling from the tropical tropopause to the LMS along the residual circulation streamfunction are evaluated and compared to recent mean age of air estimates. A time-scale separation with much smaller transit times into the mid-latitudinal LMS than into polar LMS is found that is indicative of a separation of the shallow from the deep branch of the residual circulation. This separation between the shallow and the deep circulation branch is further manifested in a distinction in the aspect ratio of the vertical to meridional extent of the trajectories, the integrated mass flux along the residual circulation trajectories, as well as the stratospheric entry latitude of the trajectories. The residual transit time distribution reproduces qualitatively the observed seasonal cycle of youngest air in the extratropical LMS in fall and oldest air in spring.
Orangutans (Pongo) are the only great ape genus with a substantial Pleistocene and Holocene fossil record, demonstrating a much larger geographic range than extant populations. In addition to having an extensive fossil record, Pongo shows several convergent morphological similarities with Homo, including a trend of dental reduction during the past million years. While studies have documented variation in dental tissue proportions among species of Homo, little is known about variation in enamel thickness within fossil orangutans. Here we assess dental tissue proportions, including conventional enamel thickness indices, in a large sample of fossil orangutan postcanine teeth from mainland Asia and Indonesia. We find few differences between regions, except for significantly lower average enamel thickness (AET) values in Indonesian mandibular first molars. Differences between fossil and extant orangutans are more marked, with fossil Pongo showing higher AET in most postcanine teeth. These differences are significant for maxillary and mandibular first molars. Fossil orangutans show higher AET than extant Pongo due to greater enamel cap areas, which exceed increases in enamel-dentine junction length (due to geometric scaling of areas and lengths for the AET index calculation). We also find greater dentine areas in fossil orangutans, but relative enamel thickness indices do not differ between fossil and extant taxa. When changes in dental tissue proportions between fossil and extant orangutans are compared with fossil and recent Homo sapiens, Pongo appears to show isometric reduction in enamel and dentine, while crown reduction in H. sapiens appears to be due to preferential loss of dentine. Disparate selective pressures or developmental constraints may underlie these patterns. Finally, the finding of moderately thick molar enamel in fossil orangutans may represent an additional convergent dental similarity with Homo erectus, complicating attempts to distinguish these taxa in mixed Asian faunas.
L'intera riflessione filosofica di Günther Stern/Anders si snoda intorno al motivo della indeterminatezza costitutiva dell'essere umano che non riesce mai a cogliere la propria essenza in un nucleo definito e stabile, ma soltanto nell'accettazione della propria irriducibile contingenza. È questo il cuore di quell'antropologia negativa che Anders aveva già abbozzato nell'ambito di una conferenza tenuta nel 1929 presso la "Kantgelleschaft" di Francoforte e dal titolo "Die Weltfremdheit des Menschen" (fino a poco tempo fa disponibile solo nella versione francese, da cui è stata mutuata la versione italiana: La natura dell’esistenza e Patologia della libertà). Questo scritto giovanile - che nella intenzione originaria doveva essere solo il primo
passo di un sistema di antropologia filosofica - abbozza in sorprendente anticipo rispetto ai tempi e in maniera del tutto autonoma motivi che diventeranno correnti dopo le riflessioni antropologiche di Plessner e di Gehlen. Al centro dell'argomentazione andersiana sono infatti i temi dello "sradicamento", della "contingenza" e della "vergogna (Scham)" costitutiva all'essere umano che non può mai padroneggiare la propria origine.
Primate multisensory object perception involves distributed brain regions. To investigate the network character of these regions of the human brain, we applied data-driven group spatial independent component analysis (ICA) to a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data set acquired during a passive audio-visual (AV) experiment with common object stimuli. We labeled three group-level independent component (IC) maps as auditory (A), visual (V), and AV, based on their spatial layouts and activation time courses. The overlap between these IC maps served as definition of a distributed network of multisensory candidate regions including superior temporal, ventral occipito-temporal, posterior parietal and prefrontal regions. During an independent second fMRI experiment, we explicitly tested their involvement in AV integration. Activations in nine out of these twelve regions met the max-criterion (A < AV > V) for multisensory integration. Comparison of this approach with a general linear model-based region-of-interest definition revealed its complementary value for multisensory neuroimaging. In conclusion, we estimated functional networks of uni- and multisensory functional connectivity from one dataset and validated their functional roles in an independent dataset. These findings demonstrate the particular value of ICA for multisensory neuroimaging research and using independent datasets to test hypotheses generated from a data-driven analysis.
Im folgenden Beitrag wird eine Möglichkeit erkundet, die theoretische und analytische Auseinandersetzung mit der Übersetzung in einem weiteren kulturwissenschaftlichen Rahmen zu betrachten. Ausgegangen wird dabei von Agars Begriff des „rich point“, der sich in den Zusammenhang der kulturellen „Schlüsselwörter“ einfügen lässt, wie er 1983 von Williams und 1997 von Wierzbicka erörtert wurde. Für die Übersetzung stellen „rich points“ erhebliche Hindernisse dar, aber gerade diese erlauben es, die besonderen Eigenarten der Kultur einer Ausgangssprache im Spiegel der Zielsprache zu reflektieren. Anhand einiger Beispiele aus E.T.A. Hoffmanns Erzählsammlung Die Serapionsbrüder sollen über die Einzelanalyse hinaus auch die methodischen Perspektiven aufgezeigt werden, die in der translationswissenschaftlichen Beschäftigung mit „rich points“ liegen.