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Background: Depression is a disorder with high prevalence in primary health care and a significant burden of illness. The delivery of health care for depression, as well as other chronic illnesses, has been criticized for several reasons and new strategies to address the needs of these illnesses have been advocated. Case management is a patient-centered approach which has shown efficacy in the treatment of depression in highly organized Health Maintenance Organization (HMO) settings and which might also be effective in other, less structured settings. Methods/Design: PRoMPT (PRimary care Monitoring for depressive Patients Trial) is a cluster randomised controlled trial with General Practice (GP) as the unit of randomisation. The aim of the study is to evaluate a GP applied case-management for patients with major depressive disorder. 70 GPs were randomised either to intervention group or to control group with the control group delivering usual care. Each GP will include 10 patients suffering from major depressive disorder according to the DSM-IV criteria. The intervention group will receive treatment based on standardized guidelines and monthly telephone monitoring from a trained practice nurse. The nurse investigates the patient's status concerning the MDD criteria, his adherence to GPs prescriptions, possible side effects of medication, and treatment goal attainment. The control group receives usual care – including recommended guidelines. Main outcome measure is the cumulative score of the section depressive disorders (PHQ-9) from the German version of the Prime MD Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-D). Secondary outcome measures are the Beck-Depression-Inventory, self-reported adherence (adapted from Moriskey) and the SF-36. In addition, data are collected about patients' satisfaction (EUROPEP-tool), medication, health care utilization, comorbidity, suicide attempts and days out of work. The study comprises three assessment times: baseline (T0) , follow-up after 6 months (T1) and follow-up after 12 months (T2). Discussion: Depression is now recognized as a disorder with a high prevalence in primary care but with insufficient treatment response. Case management seems to be a promising intervention which has the potential to bridge the gap of the usually time-limited and fragmented provision of care. Case management has been proven to be effective in several studies but its application in the private general medical practice setting remains unclear.
Background: Diabetes model projects in different regions of Germany including interventions such as quality circles, patient education and documentation of medical findings have shown improvements of HbA1c levels, blood pressure and occurrence of hypoglycaemia in before-after studies (without control group). In 2002 the German Ministry of Health defined legal regulations for the introduction of nationwide disease management programs (DMP) to improve the quality of care in chronically ill patients. In April 2003 the first DMP for patients with type 2 diabetes was accredited. The evaluation of the DMP is essential and has been made obligatory in Germany by the Fifth Book of Social Code. The aim of the study is to assess the effectiveness of DMP by example of type 2 diabetes in the primary care setting of two German federal states (Rheinland-Pfalz and Sachsen-Anhalt). Methods/Design: The study is three-armed: a prospective cluster-randomized comparison of two interventions (DMP 1 and DMP 2) against routine care without DMP as control group. In the DMP group 1 the patients are treated according to the current situation within the German-Diabetes-DMP. The DMP group 2 represents diabetic care within ideally implemented DMP providing additional interventions (e.g. quality circles, outreach visits). According to a sample size calculation a sample size of 200 GPs (each GP including 20 patients) will be required for the comparison of DMP 1 and DMP 2 considering possible drop-outs. For the comparison with routine care 4000 patients identified by diabetic tracer medication and age (> 50 years) will be analyzed. Discussion: This study will evaluate the effectiveness of the German Diabetes-DMP compared to a Diabetes-DMP providing additional interventions and routine care in the primary care setting of two different German federal states.
Aims: This paper is a review of the literature on problem-related drinking of alcohol among medical doctors, and it deals with the epidemiology and results. Methods: A search of computer literature databases - PubMed and ETOH - was performed to locate articles reporting problem-related drinking among doctors, using population-based samples of doctors within the last two decades. Results: In the light of different definitions of problem-related drinking, there was found a breadth of prevalence of problem-related drinking - from heavy drinking and hazardous drinking (12%-16%) to misuse and dependence (6%-8%) - within the population-based samples of doctors. An increased risk was positively related to male doctors and doctors of the age of 40-45 years and older, and to some factors of work, lifestyle and health. Conclusion: For the future, it seems necessary to sensitise the research for problem-related drinking of doctors in Germany, e.g. initiating a representative survey, analysing the drinking of alcohol in the context of health, life-style and work-related factors.
Herman P. Schwan [1915–2005] was a distinguished scientist and engineer, and a founding father of the field of biomedical engineering. A man of integrity, Schwan influenced the lives of many, including his wife and children, and his many students and colleagues. Active in science until nearly the end of his life, he will be very much missed by his family and many colleagues.
Bupivacain, ein langwirksames Lokalanästhetikum (LA) vom Amidtyp, gilt als das Standardlokalanästhetikum zur Regionalanästhesie bei Kaiserschnittentbindung. Nach einer Episode maternaler Todesfälle infolge intravasaler Fehlinjektion von Bupivacain (Albright 1979) stellte sich die Forderung nach einem LA mit ähnlichen klinischen Eigenschaften aber mit einer größeren therapeutischen Breite. Obwohl bei der Spinalanästhesie (SPA) nur 10 % der LA-Menge verwendet wird, die bei Periduralanästhesie (PDA) zur Anwendung kommt, kann eine versehentliche intravasale Injektion mit Übertritt der potentiell kardio- und ZNS-toxischen LA in die maternale Zirkulation nicht ausgeschlossen werden. Verglichen mit Bupivacain weist Levobupivacain, das linksdrehende Enantiomer von Bupivacain, bei ähnlichen klinischen Eigenschaften eine in zahlreichen in vitro und in vivo Studien belegte geringere Kardio- und ZNS-Toxizität auf (Aberg 1972, Cox et al. 1998, Foster et al. 2000, Alley et al. 2002). Es ist bereits in mehreren Studien erfolgreich zur SPA außerhalb der Geburtshilfe eingesetzt worden (Burke et al. 1999, Bay-Nielsson et al. 1999, Cox et al. 1998, Kopacz et al. 1998, Kanai et al. 1999, Alley et al. 2002). Eine Studie zur Dosisfindung von Levobupivacain zur SPA zur Kaiserschnittentbindung bei Schwangeren findet sich in der Literatur bisher nicht. Deshalb führten wir eine Untersuchung durch, deren Ziel es war, die optimale Dosis von Bupivacain zur Sectio Caesarea zu bestimmen und die anästhetischen und analgetischen Charakteristika von Levobupivacain mit Bupivacain zu vergleichen. 50 Schwangere (ASA I und II, Einlingsschwangerschaft, > 37 Schwangerschaftswoche, 32 +- 5 Jahre, 168 +- 7 cm, 83 +- 15 kg KG) erhielten doppeltblind und randomisiert 7,5 mg, 10 mg oder 12,5 mg Levobupivacain oder 10 und 12,5 mg Bupivacain. Die Anschlagszeit der Anästhesie, die komplette (VAS = 0 mm von 100 mm) und die effektive Analgesiezeit (VAS <= 40 mm von 100 mm), sowie die Charakteristika der motorischen und sensorischen Blockade wurden ebenso wie der Bedarf an zusätzlichen und postoperativen Schmerzmitteln ermittelt. Der Zustand der Neugeborenen wurde durch Apgar-Scores, durch umbilicale Blutgasanalysen und der Notwendigkeit der assistierten Beatmung definiert. Postnatal wurden umbilical-venöse und maternale venöse Blutproben entnommen und eine Substanzplasmaspiegelbestimmung mittels Hochdruck-Flüssigkeits-Chromotographie und UV-Detektion durchgeführt. Es zeigte sich, dass Levobupivacain eine vergleichbare Anästhesie wie Bupivacain mit einer geringer ausgeprägten motorischen Blockade bot. Verglichen mit Bupivacain fand sich eine ähnlich lange Anschlagszeit. Die sensorische Blockade sowie die komplette und effektive Analgesiezeit waren nach Gabe von Levobupivacain stat. signifikant kürzer als mit Bupivacain (p = 0,00318 bzw. p = 0,0012). Der postoperative Analgetikabedarf unterschied sich nicht stat. signifikant. Intraoperativ und postoperativ ermittelte Begleiterscheinungen unterscheiden sich nicht stat. signifikant. Die am häufigsten zu verzeichnende Nebenwirkung stellt die sympathikolysebedingte intraoperative Hypotonie mit einer Inzidenz von 80 % für Levobupivacain 10 mg und 70 % für Bupivacain 10 mg dar. Die Zufriedenheit der Schwangeren mit der Anästhesie zur Sectio Caesarea war hoch und unterschied sich nicht stat. signifikant zwischen den beiden Substanzen. Die maternalen Substanzplasmaspiegel zeigten eine Dosisabhängigkeit (0,0372 µg/ml für 7,5 mg, 0,0593 µ/ml, für 10 mg und 0,0693 µg/ml für 12,5 mg). In der vorliegenden Untersuchung lagen die fetalen Gesamtkonzentrationen zwischen 0,0021 µg/ml für Levobupivacain 10 mg und 0,0021 µg/ml für Levobupivacain 12,5 mg. Damit waren auch die neonatalen LA-Spiegel sehr niedrig und wiesen keine stat. signifikanten Unterschiede auf. Der feto-maternale Quotient lag mit 0,06 +- 0,43 deutlich unter den Werten in der vergleichbaren Literatur. Bezüglich des Zustand der Neugeborenen zeigten sich keine Unterschiede zwischen den Levobupivacain- und den Bupivacaingruppen. Levobupivacain 10 mg stellte die optimale Dosierung zur SPA bei elektiver Sectio Caesarea dar. Nach Gabe von Levobupivacain 7,5 mg bestand bei 40 % der Schwangeren die Notwendigkeit der supplementären intraoperativen i.v. Analgetikagabe. Levobupivacain 12,5 mg zeigte gegenüber Levobupivacain 10 mg keinen klinischen Vorteil. Bei ähnlichen klinischen Eigenschaften ist Levobupivacain daher als klinische Alternative zu Bupivacain zu betrachten und sollte zugunsten einer erhöhten maternalen und fetalen Sicherheit Bupivacain bei der SPA zur Kaiserschnittentbindung ersetzten. Vorteile des Stereoisomers sind neben der geringeren Toxizität eine ausgeprägtere Differentialblockade mit kürzerer und weniger stark ausgeprägter motorischer Blockade.
Background: Murine leukemia virus (MLV) vector particles can be pseudotyped with a truncated variant of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) envelope protein (Env) and selectively target gene transfer to human cells expressing both CD4 and an appropriate co-receptor. Vector transduction mimics the HIV-1 entry process and is therefore a safe tool to study HIV-1 entry. Results: Using FLY cells, which express the MLV gag and pol genes, we generated stable producer cell lines that express the HIV-1 envelope gene and a retroviral vector genome encoding the green fluorescent protein (GFP). The BH10 or 89.6 P HIV-1 Env was expressed from a bicistronic vector which allowed the rapid selection of stable cell lines. A codon-usage-optimized synthetic env gene permitted high, Rev-independent Env expression. Vectors generated by these producer cells displayed different sensitivity to entry inhibitors. Conclusion: These data illustrate that MLV/HIV-1 vectors are a valuable screening system for entry inhibitors or neutralizing antisera generated by vaccines.
Kapitalmarktorientierte Risikosteuerung in Banken : Marktwertsteuerung statt Marktzinsmethode
(2005)
In diesem Beitrag wird das Konzept der Marktzinsmethode als Grundlage der dualen Risikosteuerung von Kredit- und Marktpreisrisiken in Frage gestellt. Die Kreditrisiken einer Bank implizieren bonitätsinduzierte Marktpreisrisiken und bankspezifische Refinanzierungskosten. Während die bonitätsinduzierten Marktpreisrisiken in der dualen Risikosteuerung keine Berücksichtigung finden, werden die bankspezifischen Refinanzierungskosten zwar erkannt, aber bankintern nicht verursachungsgerecht zugeordnet. Das Grundmodell der Marktzinsmethode bietet keine Lösungsansätze zur Behebung dieser Probleme. Demgegenüber lassen sich die Fehlsteuerungsimpulse von vornherein durch eine konsequente Marktbewertung (Mark to Market) aller Finanzinstrumente vermeiden. Als Ausblick werden erste Überlegungen zur Implementierung einer umfassenden Marktwertsteuerung in Banken entwickelt und exemplarisch ein hierfür geeignetes Bewertungsmodell vorgestellt.
In this paper, we propose a model of credit rating agencies using the global games framework to incorporate information and coordination problems. We introduce a refined utility function of a credit rating agency that, additional to reputation maximization, also embeds aspects of competition and feedback effects of the rating on the rated firms. Apart from hinting at explanations for several hypotheses with regard to agencies' optimal rating assessments, our model suggests that the existence of rating agencies may decrease the incidence of multiple equilibria. If investors have discretionary power over the precision of their private information, we can prove that public rating announcements and private information collection are complements rather than substitutes in order to secure uniqueness of equilibrium. In this respect, rating agencies may spark off a virtuous circle that increases the efficiency of the market outcome.
The 5'-terminal cloverleaf (CL)-like RNA structures are essential for the initiation of positive- and negative-strand RNA synthesis of entero- and rhinoviruses. SLD is the cognate RNA ligand of the viral proteinase 3C (3Cpro), which is an indispensable component of the viral replication initiation complex. The structure of an 18mer RNA representing the apical stem and the cGUUAg D-loop of SLD from the first 5'-CL of BEV1 was determined in solution to a root-mean-square deviation (r.m.s.d.) (all heavy atoms) of 0.59 A (PDB 1Z30). The first (antiG) and last (synA) nucleotide of the D-loop forms a novel ‘pseudo base pair’ without direct hydrogen bonds. The backbone conformation and the base-stacking pattern of the cGUUAg-loop, however, are highly similar to that of the coxsackieviral uCACGg D-loop (PDB 1RFR) and of the stable cUUCGg tetraloop (PDB 1F7Y) but surprisingly dissimilar to the structure of a cGUAAg stable tetraloop (PDB 1MSY), even though the cGUUAg BEV D-loop and the cGUAAg tetraloop differ by 1 nt only. Together with the presented binding data, these findings provide independent experimental evidence for our model [O. Ohlenschläger, J. Wöhnert, E. Bucci, S. Seitz, S. Häfner, R. Ramachandran, R. Zell and M. Görlach (2004) Structure, 12, 237–248] that the proteinase 3Cpro recognizes structure rather than sequence.
We have isolated the human protein SNEV as downregulated in replicatively senescent cells. Sequence homology to the yeast splicing factor Prp19 suggested that SNEV might be the orthologue of Prp19 and therefore might also be involved in pre-mRNA splicing. We have used various approaches including gene complementation studies in yeast using a temperature sensitive mutant with a pleiotropic phenotype and SNEV immunodepletion from human HeLa nuclear extracts to determine its function. A human–yeast chimera was indeed capable of restoring the wild-type phenotype of the yeast mutant strain. In addition, immunodepletion of SNEV from human nuclear extracts resulted in a decrease of in vitro pre-mRNA splicing efficiency. Furthermore, as part of our analysis of protein–protein interactions within the CDC5L complex, we found that SNEV interacts with itself. The self-interaction domain was mapped to amino acids 56–74 in the protein's sequence and synthetic peptides derived from this region inhibit in vitro splicing by surprisingly interfering with spliceosome formation and stability. These results indicate that SNEV is the human orthologue of yeast PRP19, functions in splicing and that homo-oligomerization of SNEV in HeLa nuclear extract is essential for spliceosome assembly and that it might also be important for spliceosome stability.