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Ihr Grundgefühl ist Angst. Sie spüren und erleben dramatische Veränderungen mit sich und Verunsicherung ihrer Mitmenschen. Sie können die Ereignisse um sich herum nicht entschlüsseln, weil sie die Zusammenhänge der Geschehnisse vergessen. Die Welt versteht sie nicht mehr, und sie verstehen die Welt nicht. Die Rede ist von den fast 1,2 Millionen Menschen in Deutschland, die an einer mittelschweren bis schweren Demenz (lateinisch für »Unvernunft«) leiden. In einer ethnologischen Untersuchung habe ich Betreuende und Betreute in zwei Tagespflegeheimen im Umland Frankfurts über ein Jahr im Alltag teilnehmend beobachtet und zu ihren Erfahrungen in einer nach außen hin abgeschlossenen Welt befragt. Das zentrale Anliegen ethnologischer Untersuchungen besteht darin, das Leben fremder Kulturen – und so können auch die Mitglieder der Tagespflegeheime betrachtet werden – aus ihrer eigenen Sichtweise, aus ihrer »Binnensicht« zu verstehen. ...
Splicing of pre-mRNA is a critical step in mRNA maturation and disturbances cause several genetic disorders. We apply the synthetic tetracycline (tc)-binding riboswitch to establish a gene expression system for conditional tc-dependent control of pre-mRNA splicing in yeast. Efficient regulation is obtained when the aptamer is inserted close to the 5′splice site (SS) with the consensus sequence of the SS located within the aptamer stem. Structural probing indicates limited spontaneous cleavage within this stem in the absence of the ligand. Addition of tc leads to tightening of the stem and the whole aptamer structure which probably prevents recognition of the 5′SS. Combination of more then one aptamer-regulated intron increases the extent of regulation leading to highly efficient conditional gene expression systems. Our findings highlight the potential of direct RNA–ligand interaction for regulation of gene expression.
Background Objects in our environment are often partly occluded, yet we effortlessly perceive them as whole and complete. This phenomenon is called visual amodal completion. Psychophysical investigations suggest that the process of completion starts from a representation of the (visible) physical features of the stimulus and ends with a completed representation of the stimulus. The goal of our study was to investigate both stages of the completion process by localizing both brain regions involved in processing the physical features of the stimulus as well as brain regions representing the completed stimulus. Results Using fMRI adaptation we reveal clearly distinct regions in the visual cortex of humans involved in processing of amodal completion: early visual cortex - presumably V1 - processes the local contour information of the stimulus whereas regions in the inferior temporal cortex represent the completed shape. Furthermore, our data suggest that at the level of inferior temporal cortex information regarding the original local contour information is not preserved but replaced by the representation of the amodally completed percept. Conclusion These findings provide neuroimaging evidence for a multiple step theory of amodal completion and further insights into the neuronal correlates of visual perception.
The removal of apoptotic cells (AC) can be regarded as an integral component of the program to terminate inflammation. Clearance of AC by professional phagocytes such as macrophages induces an anti-inflammatory phenotype in the latter ones. Anti-inflammatory or M2 polarization is also observed in macrophages infiltrating certain human tumors. These tumor-associated macrophages (TAM) contribute actively to tumor progression by promoting immune evasion, angiogenesis and tumor cell survival. The aim of my Ph.D. thesis was to approach the mechanisms as well as the characteristics of macrophage phenotype alterations induced by AC, and to elucidate a possible connection between tumor cell apoptosis and TAM generation. In the first part of my studies, I investigated the impact of AC on macrophage viability. I could show that macrophage survival against pro-apoptotic agents increased after the interaction with AC. Protection of macrophages against cell death required activation of phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase (PI3K), extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) and Ca2+ signaling, and correlated with Bcl-XL and Bcl-2 up-regulation as well as Ser136-Bad phosphorylation. Unexpectedly, neither phagocytosis nor binding of apoptotic debris to the phagocyte was necessary to induce protection. AC released the bioactive lipid sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P), dependent on sphingosine kinase (SphK) 2, as a survival messenger. These data indicated an active role of AC in preventing cell destruction in their neighborhood. My next aim was to elucidate the mechanism of S1P production by AC. During cell death, SphK 2 was cleaved at its N-terminus by caspase-1. Thereupon, the truncated but enzymatically active fragment of SphK 2 was released from cells. This release was coupled to phosphatidylserine exposure, a hallmark of apoptosis and a crucial signal for the phagocyte/apoptotic cell interaction. Thus, I observed a link between common signaling events during apoptosis and the extracellular production of S1P, which is known to affect immune cell attraction and polarization as well as angiogenesis in cancer. In the next part of my studies, I asked for a correlation between tumor cell apoptosis and TAM polarization. During co-culture of human macrophages with human breast cancer carcinoma cells (MCF-7), the latter ones were killed, while macrophages acquired an alternatively activated phenotype. This was characterized by decreased tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α; and interleukin (IL)-12-p70 production, but increased formation of IL-8 and IL-10. Alternative macrophage activation required tumor cell death, because a co-culture with apoptosis-resistant colon carcinoma cells (RKO) or Bcl-2-overexpressing MCF-7 cells failed to induce phenotype alterations. These phenotype alterations were also achieved with conditioned media from apoptotic tumor cells, which again argued for a soluble factor being involved. Knock-down of SphK2, but not SphK1, to attenuate S1P formation in MCF-7 cells, repressed the otherwise observed alternative macrophage polarization during co-culture. Furthermore, macrophage polarization achieved by tumor cell apoptosis or substitution of authentic S1P was characterized by suppression of pro-inflammatory nuclear factor (NF)-κB DNA binding. These findings suggested that tumor cell apoptosis-derived S1P contributes to the macrophage polarization present in human tumors. To validate these in vitro data, I used an in vivo tumor model to clarify the relevance of SphK2 and S1P in tumor development. The growth of, as well as blood vessel infiltration into SphK2 knock-down MCF-7 (MCF-7-siSphK2) xenografts in nude mice was markedly decreased in comparison to control MCF-7 xenografts. In contrast, macrophage infiltration was similar or even more pronounced. These data provided a first hint for an in vivo role of SphK2-derived S1P in macrophage polarization associated with tumor promotion. In summary, these data indicate a new mechanism how AC themselves shape macrophage polarization, which results in the termination of inflammatory responses and macrophage survival. Furthermore, my studies present evidence that human tumors may utilize this mechanism to foster growth via increased angiogenesis.
Wie wirken sich fehlendes Filmkorn und veränderte Schärfentiefen auf die Rezipienten aus? Was bedeuten digitale Bearbeitungsmöglichkeiten für den Realitätsgehalt der Bilder und wie wirkt sich der Einfluss neuer ästhetischer Gestaltungsmöglichkeiten auf neue Kommunikationsformen aus? Werden durch Standards wie HD sich Kino- und TV-Ästhetik weiter annähern? Auf diese und andere Fragen wird Prof. Weinberg eingehen.
Das Hauptrisiko einer transfusionsbedingten Übertragung von Pathogenen fokussiert sich gegenwärtig auf bakterielle Infektionen. Dem gegenüber steht ein um den Faktor 1000 bis 10.000 reduziertes virales Restinfektionsrisiko durch transfusionsmedizinisch relevante Viren (HBV, HCV und HIV-1). Bedingt durch die analytische Sensitivität jeder Nachweismethode, kann die zusätzliche Einführung neuer Nachweismethoden nicht zu einer 100%igen Sicherheit führen. Prinzipiell ist jedoch auf der Basis der vorliegenden Studienergebnisse ein Schnelltest zum Bakteriennachweis einer Kulturmethode vorzuziehen. Schnelltestmethoden bieten die Möglichkeit, Probenvolumina zu einem späteren Zeitpunkt zu entnehmen. Dadurch kann eine Probenfehler (sample error) reduziert werden. Folgende bakterielle Schnelltestmethoden wurden synoptisch miteinander verglichen: Die Real-time PCR-Methode zeichnet sich durch die höchste analytische Sensitivität aus. Die FACS-TM-Methode besticht durch die einfache Anwendung, sowie das schnell verfügbare Testergebnis. Fraglich positive Proben können nach 4 – 8 Stunden erneut getestet werden. Die Scansystem-TM-Methode zeichnet sich dadurch aus, dass Thrombozyten in Mini-Pools (bis zu 3 Proben pro Pool) analysiert werden. Da im europäischen Umland die Anzahl der Länder zunimmt, die eine Sterilitätstestung auf bakterielle Kontaminationen bei Thrombozytenkonzentraten durchführen, wird noch 2007 vom Paul-Ehrlich-Institut (Bundesoberbehörde) ein Stufenplan erwartet. Dieser wird voraussichtlich ein Verfahren zur Reduktion des bakteriellen Kontaminationsrisikos (Testung oder alternativ Pathogeninaktivierung) vorschreiben.
Background Identification and evaluation of surface binding-pockets and occluded cavities are initial steps in protein structure-based drug design. Characterizing the active site's shape as well as the distribution of surrounding residues plays an important role for a variety of applications such as automated ligand docking or in situ modeling. Comparing the shape similarity of binding site geometries of related proteins provides further insights into the mechanisms of ligand binding. Results We present PocketPicker, an automated grid-based technique for the prediction of protein binding pockets that specifies the shape of a potential binding-site with regard to its buriedness. The method was applied to a representative set of protein-ligand complexes and their corresponding apo-protein structures to evaluate the quality of binding-site predictions. The performance of the pocket detection routine was compared to results achieved with the existing methods CAST, LIGSITE, LIGSITEcs, PASS and SURFNET. Success rates PocketPicker were comparable to those of LIGSITEcs and outperformed the other tools. We introduce a descriptor that translates the arrangement of grid points delineating a detected binding-site into a correlation vector. We show that this shape descriptor is suited for comparative analyses of similar binding-site geometry by examining induced-fit phenomena in aldose reductase. This new method uses information derived from calculations of the buriedness of potential binding-sites. Conclusions The pocket prediction routine of PocketPicker is a useful tool for identification of potential protein binding-pockets. It produces a convenient representation of binding-site shapes including an intuitive description of their accessibility. The shape-descriptor for automated classification of binding-site geometries can be used as an additional tool complementing elaborate manual inspections.
Aus familienpolitischer Sicht war die arbeitsrechtliche Diskussion der vergangenen Jahre von der Vereinbarkeit von Beruf und Familie geprägt. Aber auch eine bessere Kinderbetreuung, beispielsweise in Krippen, hält die vorhergesagte demografische Entwicklung nicht auf. Im Jahr 2050 werden auf 100 Personen im erwerbsfähigen Alter zirka 75 Personen über 60 Jahre kommen, so die Schätzungen. Und schon im Jahre 2020 wird der Anteil der unter 20-Jährigen an der deutschen Bevölkerung wohl nur noch zirka 17 Prozent betragen; Deutschland wird europaweit das Land mit den wenigsten jungen Menschen sein. Damit wird ein anderes Problem immer drängender: Wer betreut und versorgt die alten Menschen? Mit der Zahl der Pflegebedürftigen wird zugleich auch die Zahl derjenigen – zumeist Frauen – steigen, die ihre Berufstätigkeit einschränken oder sogar aufgeben müssen. Doch wie lassen sich Beruf und Altenbetreuung vereinbaren?
Wenn die überarbeitete und gänzlich neu gestaltete Fassung eines NBB-Bandes nach über 50 Jahren (!) endlich wieder in gedruckter Form verfügbar ist, so löst allein schon dieser Umstand bei der interessierten Leserschaft Glücksgefühle aus. Aber nun ist er ja endlich wieder auf dem Buchmarkt erhältlich: „Der Feldhamster“.
The cytochrome bc1 complex is a dimeric enzyme of the inner mitochondrial membrane that links electron transfer from ubiquinol to cytochrome c by a protonmotive Q cycle mechanism in which ubiquinol is oxidized at one center in the enzyme, referred to as center P, and ubiquinone is rereduced at a second center, referred to as center N. To better understand the mechanism of ubiquinol oxidation, we have examined catalytic activities and pre-steady-state reduction kinetics of yeast cytochrome bc1 complexes with mutations in cytochrome b that we expected would affect oxidation of ubiquinol. We mutated two residues thought to be involved in proton conduction linked to ubiquinol oxidation, Tyr132 and Glu272, and two residues proposed to be involved in docking ubiquinol into the center P pocket, Phe129 and Tyr279. Substitution of Phe129 by lysine or arginine yielded a respiration-deficient phenotype and lipid-dependent catalytic activity. Increased bypass reactions were detectable for both variants, with F129K showing the more severe effects. Substitution with lysine leads to a disturbed coordination of a b heme as deduced from changes in the midpoint potential and the EPR signature. Removal of the aromatic side chain in position Tyr279 lowers the catalytic activity accompanied by a low level of bypass reactions. Pre-steady-state kinetics of the enzymes modified at Glu272 and Tyr132 confirmed the importance of their functional groups for electron transfer. Altered center N kinetics and activation of ubiquinol oxidation by binding of cytochrome c in the Y132F and E272D enzymes indicate long range effects of these mutations.