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Bei der 1590 datierten Monstranz mit Reliquien der Passion Christi handelt es sich um das zentrale Stück des ab dem frühen 17. Jahrhunderts in der Geheimen Cammerkapelle der Residenz München aufbewahrten Reliquienschatzes, den die bayerischen Herzöge Wilhelm V. und Maximilian I. als ihren kostbarsten Besitz ansahen. Die über 1,15 m hohe Monstranz aus getriebenen und gegossenem Silberteilen und graviertem Glas ist sehr reich mit goldgeschmelzten Figuren und Ornamentapplikationen, mit gefassten Smaragden, Rubinen, Diamanten und Perlen verziert. Sie kann als ein bedeutendes Monument der süddeutschen Goldschmiedekunst aber auch der konfessionellen Politik der Herzöge von Bayern gelten, die mit der Reliquienverehrung eine von der Reformation verdammte Kultpraxis propagierten. Die Arbeit diskutiert zuerst die relevante kunsthistorische Literatur. Dann wird die Bedeutung der Reliquien, das ikonographische Programm und die Funktion der Monstranz als Kultmittel des kirchlich geleiteten Reliquienkults und dessen Ausprägung am Münchner Hof um 1600 – im Speziellen innerhalb der Geheimen Cammerkapelle – betrachtet. Die Reliquienmonstranz war nicht nur Ausdruck der Frömmigkeit, sondern Teil einer Repräsentationsstrategie der Herzöge und soll daher auch im Zusammenhang mit anderen wichtigen Elementen der fürstlichen Selbstdarstellung gesehen werden. Es schließen sich stilkritische Betrachtungen über die in verschiedenen Goldschmiede- und Juweliertechniken gearbeiteten Bestandteile der Monstranz an. Dabei werden die Treibarbeiten und gegossenen Teile, die Emailkunst und die Art und Weise der Edelsteinfassungen ebenso behandelt, wie die architektonischen oder ornamentalen Verzierungen. Neben der Beurteilung der bisherigen Datierung werden in den stilkritischen Betrachtungen auch eine Gruppe von verwandten Goldschmiedewerken herausarbeitet, die aus derselben Werkstatt stammen dürften. Als Schöpfer der Monstranz wird Georg Bernhard angenommen, der zwar kein zünftiger Meister war, jedoch für den Münchner Hof über viele Jahre meisterliches gearbeitet hat.
Studienführer
(2006)
... Mit fast 35.000 Studierenden, darunter rund 7.000 AusländerInnen aus 129 Nationen, zählt die Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität zu den zehn größten Hochschulen Deutschlands. Unsere Universität bietet eine besonders rege Studienatmosphäre, die nicht nur durch die große Breite wissenschaftlicher Disziplinen, sondern auch durch das Ambiente einer der europäischen Metropolen geprägt ist. ...
Das Buch enthält einerseits eine Reihe von Fallstudien zu unterschiedlichen pädagogischen Fragen. Gemeinsam ist ihnen, dass qualitative Methoden angewandt werden, die Studierenden ermöglichen, eine "forschende Haltung" zu entwickeln. Andere Beiträge beschreiben die Bedingungen für eine Integration von wissenschaftlichen Methoden im Rahmen der Ausbildung von Lehrerinnen und Lehrern. Das Buch arbeitet keine Theorie auf, sondern zeigt, wie die Analyse empirisch erhobener Daten sinnvoll in der ersten Phase der Lehrerbildung zur Selbstreflexion der Studierenden beitragen kann. Die praktische Philosophie des Freiburger Verständnisses einer Interpretationswerkstatt kann Lehrende zur Arbeit mit Fallstudien ermuntern und Studierenden einen Einblick in die Möglichkeiten von Fallstudien bieten.
Studies and measurements of linear coupling and nonlinearities in hadron circular accelerators
(2006)
In this thesis a beam-based method has been developed to measure the strength and the polarity of corrector magnets (skew quadrupoles and sextupoles) in circular accelerators. The algorithm is based on the harmonic analysis (via FFT) of beam position monitor (BPM) data taken turn by turn from an accelerator in operation. It has been shown that, from the differences of the spectral line amplitudes between two consecutive BPMs, both the strength and the polarity of non-linear elements placed in between can be measured. The method has been successfully tested using existing BPM data from the SPS of CERN, since presently the SIS-18 is not equipped with the necessary hardware. The magnet strength of seven SPS extraction sextupoles was measured with a precision of about 10%. The polarities have been unambiguously measured. This method can be used to detect polarity errors and wrong power supply connections during machine commissioning, as well as for a continuous monitoring of the "nonlinearity budget" in superconducting machines. A second beam-based method has been studied for a fast measurement and correction of betatron coupling driven by skew quadrupole field errors and tilted focusing quadrupoles. Traditional methods usually require a time-consuming scan of the corrector magnets in order to minimize the coupling stop band |C|. In this thesis it has been shown how the same correction can be performed in a single machine cycle from the harmonic analysis of multi-BPM data. The method has been successfully applied to RHIC. It has been shown that the stop band |C| (also known in the American literature as Delta-Qmin) measured in a single machine cycle with the new algorithm is compatible with the value obtained by traditional methods. The measurement of the resonance phase Theta defines automatically the best corrector setting, which was found in agreement with the one obtained with a traditional scan. A third theoretical achievement is a new description of the betatron motion close to the difference resonance in presence of linear coupling. Compared to the matrix formalism the motion is parametrized as a function of the resonance driving term f1001 only (which is proven to be an observable), whereas making use of the matrix approach four parameters need to be measured. Formulae describing the exchange of RMS emittances when approaching the resonances have been already derived in the 70s in the smooth approximation. New formulae have been derived here making use of Lie algebra providing a better description of the emittance behavior. The emittance exchange curves are predicted by new formulae with excellent agreement with multi-particle simulations and the counter-intuitive emittance variation along the ring of the emittance is proven to be related to the variation of f1001. A new way to decouple the equations of motion and explicit expressions for the individual single particle invariants have been found. For the first time emittance exchange studies have been carried out in the SIS-18 of GSI. Transverse RMS emittances have been measured during 2005 from rest gas monitor (RGM) data. Crossing the linear coupling resonance, the transverse emittances exchange completely. It has been observed that this effect is reversible. Applications of this manipulation are: emittance equilibration under consideration for future operations of the SIS-18 as booster for the SIS-100; emittance transfer during multi-turn injection to improve the eficiency and to protect the injection septum in high intensity operations, by shifting part of the horizontal emittance into the vertical plane. The emittance exchange curves obtained experimentally have been compared with analytic formulae providing a fast measurement (in few machine cycles only) of the linear coupling stop band |C|. Technical problems prevented the use of the eight skew quadrupoles installed in the SIS-18 to compensate the linear coupling resonance. It has been observed that the emittance exchange curve is highly sensitive to the beam intensity. Multi-particle simulations with 2D PIC space-charge solver have been run to infer heuristic scaling laws able to quantify the observable stop band, to be used for the resonance compensation. The analysis of BPM and RGM data has been performed making use of new software applications developed for this purpose. The bpm2rdt code for the harmonic analysis of BPM data has been written and tested with real data. The software reads the BPM turn-by-turn data and the Twiss parameters. Then it performs the FFT of these data, finds the peaks of the Fourier spectra and infers the RDT fjklm, the strengths ^hjklm and the local terms lambda-jklm. All these observables are printed out together with the corresponding values of the model, computed from the nominal values of strengths and the Twiss parameters. From the FFT of dual-plane BPM data the linear optics (beta functions and phase advances Delta phi) at the corresponding location is also inferred. From the measurement of f1000, the linear coupling coeffcient C (amplitude and phase) is also computed. The code has been tested by using existing SPS data and new RHIC data. For the on-line analysis of RGM data the rgm2emitt code has been written. The application reads in input the raw data files from the RGM and the beam loss monitor (BLM) respectively, the latter created by the RGM on-line software itself. From the RGM data the transverse beam sizes and emittances are inferred and used together with the BLM data to compute the tune shift during the machine cycle.
Deanolis sublimbalis SNELLEN (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), the red banded mango caterpillar (RMBC), is a Southeast Asian insect species. It is now widely distributed throughout this region (India, Burma, Thailand, China, Brunei, Philippines, Indonesia, and Papua New Guinea) and was recently detected for the first time on mainland Australia, but so far has not been recorded in Pakistan, Nepal, and Malaysia (WATERHOUSE 1998). In Papua New Guinea (PNG) it is nowadays widely distributed throughout the mainland and islands (WATERHOUSE 1998). Although infestation levels of 40 – 50 % were recorded in the Philippines (TIPON 1979), very little is known about the biology of this pest, and there are only few references in the literature, the results differing significantly (WATERHOUSE 1998). Due to the contradictory opinions on the biology published, the following study was undertaken to obtain the basic information required for the development of an appropriate management technique for this pest. In particular, the fundamental data to clarify in the course of this study were: 1. life history and behaviour of RMBC, especially when mango is out of season. 2. search for other host plants of RMBC. 3. search for natural enemies of RMBC.