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German insurance industry: market overview and trends (2005)

Raimond Maurer Barbara Somova

This article presents an overview of the contemporary German insurance market, its structure, players, and development trends. First, brief information about the history of the insurance industry in Germany is provided. Second, the contemporary market is analyzed in terms of its legal and economic structure, with statistics on the number of companies, insurance density and penetration, the role of insurers in the capital markets, premiums split, and main market players and their market shares. Furthermore, the three biggest insurance lines—life, health, and property and casualty—are considered in more detail, such as product range, country specifics, and insurance and investment results. A section on regulation outlines its implementation in the insurance sector, offering information on the underlying legislative basis, supervisory body, technical procedures, expected developments, and sources of more detailed information. JEL Classification: G22, G28, G34

Neue Strategien zur massenspektrometrischen und gelelektrophoretischen Identifizierung von Membranproteinkomplexen (2005)

Isam Rais

Das bioanalytische Arbeiten mit integralen Membranproteinen ist aufgrund der hohen Hydrophobizität dieser Proteine stark eingeschränkt. Allgemein anwendbare Arbeitsvorschriften für die Analyse mittels Gelelektrophorese und Massenspektrometrie lassen sich für diese besonderen Proteine bislang nicht angeben. Infolge ihrer Schwerlöslichkeit in typischen wäßrigen Lösungsmittelsystemen erfordert die Isolierung von integralen Membranproteinen stets den Einsatz von Detergentien und häufig eine individuelle Anpassung der Solubilisierungsprotokolle. Hydrophobe Membranproteine mit einer hohen Anzahl an Transmembran-Helices und somit einem hohen Gravy-Score können unter den Bedingungen der für die Proteomanalyse eingesetzten zweidimensionalen IEF/SDS-Gelelektrophorese häufig nicht aufgetrennt werden. Ihre hohe Aggregationsneigung und die Inkompatibilität zu den Lösungsmittelsystemen der isoelektrischen Fokussierung sind unter anderem der Grund, weshalb Membranproteine bei der Gesamtstatistik von Proteomanalysen häufig unterrepräsentiert sind. Neben den Limitierungen bei der gelelektrophoretischen Auftrennung stellen Membranproteine auch für die massenspektrometrische Analyse und Identifizierung eine besondere Herausforderung dar. Hohe Sequenzabdeckungen und damit eindeutige Datenbankidentifizierungen, wie sie nach einem enzymatischen Verdau von wasserlöslichen Proteinen häufig erreichbar sind, werden bei Membranproteinen in der Regel nicht beobachtet. Insbesondere integrale Membranproteine mit einem hohen Anteil an Transmembran-Helices haben häufig nur wenige Schnittstellen für die routinemäßig eingesetzte Protease Trypsin; dies führt zu wenigen und großen Peptiden, die darüber hinaus in den verwendeten Lösungsmittelsystemen schwerlöslich sind. Verstärkt wirkt sich dieses Problem bei kleinen Membranproteinen aus. Oftmals erlaubt nur der Einsatz von Fragmentierungstechniken der Massenspektrometrie die Identifizierung eines solchen Proteins anhand eines oder zweier Peptide. Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit ist es deshalb, durch die Entwicklung und Etablierung von neuen Protokollen und Methoden eine verbesserte gelelektrophoretische Trennung und massenspektrometrische Identifizierung dieser besonderen Proteine zu erreichen.

Stopping power and collective flow of nuclear matter in the reaction Ar+Pb at 0.8 GeV/u (1983)

R. E. Renfordt D. Schall R. Bock R. Brockmann J. W.. Harris A. Sandoval Reinhard Stock Herbert Ströbele D. Bangert W. Rauch G. Odyniec H. G. Pugh L. S. Schroeder

Charged-particle exclusive data for Ar+Pb collisions at 0.772 GeV/u are analyzed in terms of collective variables for the event shapes in momentum space. Semicentral collisions lead to sidewards flow whereas nearly head-on collisions have spherical shapes in the c.m. frame, resulting from complete stopping of projectile motion. The hydrodynamical model predictions agree qualitatively with the data whereas the standard cascade model disagrees, lacking in stopping power and collective flow.

Electric and magnetic dipole transitions to bound states in 206Pb (1986)

R. Ratzek U. E. P. Berg C. Bläsing A. Jung S. Schennach Reinhard Stock F.–J Urban H. Wickert

Nuclear resonance fluorescence measurements with linearly polarized bremsstrahlung were performed to determine parities of bound dipole transitions in 206Pb. A new 1+ level at 5800 keV was found, which has almost the same strength as the isoscalar M1 transition in 208Pb. Twenty-four further dipole states in 206Pb below 7.6 MeV possess negative parity.

Pion and proton "temperatures" in relativistic heavy-ion reactions (1984)

R. Brockmann J. W. Harris A. Sandoval Reinhard Stock Herbert Ströbele G. Odyniec H. G. Pugh L. S. Schroeder R. E. Renfordt D. Schall K. Bangert W. Rauch K. L. Wolf

Pion and proton production are measured to investigate thermal equilibrium in central collisions of 40Ar+KCl at 1.8 GeV/nucleon. The bulk of the pion yield is isotropic in the c.m. system, with an apparent temperature of 58±3 MeV, much lower than the 118±2 MeV of the protons. It is shown that the low pion "temperature" can be explained by the decay kinematics of delta resonances in thermal equilibrium. A (5±1)% component in the pion spectrum is, however, found to have a temperature of 110±10 MeV. The effect on the spectra of possible contributions from collective radial flow is discussed.

Charged-particle exclusive analysis of central Ar + KCl and Ar + Pb reactions at 1.8 and 0.8 GeV/nucleon (1983)

Herbert Ströbele R. Brockmann J. W. Harris F. Riess et. al. Reinhard Stock K. L. Wolf H. G. Pugh L. S. Schroeder R. E. Renfordt K. Tittel M. Maier

An event by event analysis is carried out for all charged particles observed in central collisions of 40Ar + KCl and 40Ar + Pb at 1.808 and 0.772 GeV/nucleon, respectively. Total transverse energy is used for impact parameter selection within the central trigger condition. The central Ar + KCl reaction exhibits a forward-backward oriented momentum flux. The flux distribution of the most central Ar + Pb events is approximately isotropic in the fireball center of mass.

Azimuthally anisotropic emission of pions in symmetric heavy-ion collisions (1993)

D. Brill W. Ahner P. Baltes R. Barth Christian Bormann M. Cieslak M. Debowski E. Grosse W. Henning P. Koczon B. Kohlmeyer D. Miskowiec C. Müntz H. Oeschler H. Pöppl F. Pühlhofer S. Sartorius R. Schicker P. Senger Y. Shin J. Speer J. Stein K. Stiebling Reinhard Stock Herbert Ströbele K. Völkel A. Wagner Wladek Walús

Triple differential cross sections d3 sigma /dp3 for charged pions produced in symmetric heavy-ion collisions were measured with the KaoS magnetic spectrometer at the heavy-ion synchrotron facility SIS at GSI. The correlations between the momentum vectors of charged pions and the reaction plane in 197Au+197Au collisions at an incident energy of 1 GeV/nucleon were determined. We observe, for the first time, an azimuthally anisotropic distribution of pions, with enhanced emission perpendicular to the reaction plane. The anisotropy is most pronounced for pions of high transverse momentum in semicentral collisions.

Parities of bound dipole states in 40Ar (1986)

H. Wickert K. Ackermann K. Bangert U. E. P. Berg C. Bläsing W. Naatz A. Ruckelshausen S. Schennach Reinhard Stock

Nuclear resonance fluorescence experiments with linearly polarized bremsstrahlung were performed to determine parities of strong dipole transitions in 40Ar. A total of 14 transitions—ten of them previously unknown—in the energy range from 4.7 to 10.2 MeV could be identified. From this experiment it is evident that the main dipole strength to bound states is due to E1 excitations. An upper limit of B(M1) [up arrow] <0.5 µN2 was found for individual magnetic dipole excitations in 40Ar in the energy region below neutron threshold.

System size and centrality dependence of the balance function in A+A collisions at sqrt[sNN]=17.2 GeV (2005)

Christopher Alt NA49 Collaboration

Electric charge correlations were studied for p+p, C+C, Si+Si, and centrality selected Pb+Pb collisions at sqrt[sNN]=17.2 GeV with the NA49 large acceptance detector at the CERN SPS. In particular, long-range pseudorapidity correlations of oppositely charged particles were measured using the balance function method. The width of the balance function decreases with increasing system size and centrality of the reactions. This decrease could be related to an increasing delay of hadronization in central Pb+Pb collisions.

Measures of charge fluctuations in nuclear collisions (2002)

Jacek Zaranek

The properties of two measures of charge fluctuations D-tilde and DeltaPhiq are discussed within several toy models of nuclear collisions. In particular their dependence on mean particle multiplicity, multiplicity fluctuations, and net electric charge are studied. It is shown that the measure DeltaPhiq is less sensitive to these trivial biasing effects than the originally proposed measure D-tilde. Furthermore the influence of resonance decay kinematics is analyzed and it is shown that it is likely to shadow a possible reduction of fluctuations due to QGP creation.

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