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Climatic variables have been the main predictors employed in ecological niche modeling and species distribution modeling, although biotic interactions are known to affect species’ spatial distributions via mechanisms such as predation, competition, and mutualism. Biotic interactions can affect species’ responses to abiotic environmental changes differently along environmental gradients, and abiotic environmental changes can likewise influence the nature of biotic interactions. Understanding whether and how to integrate variables at different scales in ecological niche models is essential to better estimate spatial distributions of species on macroecological scales and their responses to change. We report the leaf beetle Eurypedus nigrosignatus as an alien species in the Dominican Republic and investigate whether biotic factors played a meaningful role in the distributional expansion of the species into the Caribbean. We evaluate ecological niche models built with an additive gradient of unlinked biotic predictors—host plants, using likelihood-based model evaluation criteria (Akaike information criterion and Bayesian information criterion) within a range of regularization multiplier parameter values. Our results support the argument that ecological niche models should be more inclusive, as selected biotic predictors can improve the performance of models, despite the increased model complexity, and show that biotic interactions matter at macroecological scales. Moreover, we provide an alternative approach to select optimal combination of relevant variables, to improve estimation of potential invasive areas using global minimum model likelihood scores.
All giraffe (Giraffa) were previously assigned to a single species (G. camelopardalis) and nine subspecies. However, multi‐locus analyses of all subspecies have shown that there are four genetically distinct clades and suggest four giraffe species. This conclusion might not be fully accepted due to limited data and lack of explicit gene flow analyses. Here, we present an extended study based on 21 independent nuclear loci from 137 individuals. Explicit gene flow analyses identify less than one migrant per generation, including between the closely related northern and reticulated giraffe. Thus, gene flow analyses and population genetics of the extended dataset confirm four genetically distinct giraffe clades and support four independent giraffe species. The new findings support a revision of the IUCN classification of giraffe taxonomy. Three of the four species are threatened with extinction, and mostly occurring in politically unstable regions, and as such, require the highest conservation support possible.
Agincourt/Azincourt 1415 – und 600 Jahre später eine neue Schlacht, diesmal der Publikationen, Tagungen und Veranstaltungen bis zur Nachstellung des Kampfs am Ort wie auch mit Playmobil-Figuren, ja bis zum Poesiewettbewerb und Rollstuhlfechten unter der Ägide eines "Agincourt 600 Comittee". Aus solch überbordender Fülle ragt der vorliegende Band indes heraus: kein Jubiläumsschnellschuss, sondern eine parallel zur Londoner Ausstellung "The Battle of Agincourt" mit Sorgfalt und Bedacht erstellte Sammlung von Beiträgen aus der Feder von Kennern der Materie unter drei Leitthemen "The Road to War – The Battle – Aftermath and Legacy". Was aber schon vor der Lektüre auf den ersten Blick besticht, ist die durchgängig farbige, z. T. großformatige Bebilderung in vorzüglicher Qualität und deren nicht minder vorzügliche Kommentierung; angesichts dessen und einer bis ins Layout ansprechenden Aufmachung hat der Preis des Bands fast als günstig zu gelten. ...