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Background: A central aim of physical education is the promotion of basic motor competencies (in German: Motorische Basiskompetenzen; MOBAK), which are prerequisites for children's active participation in sports culture. This article introduces the MOBAK-1 test instrument for 6- to 8-year-old children and determines the construct validity of this test instrument. In addition, the relationship between MOBAK and motor ability (i.e., strength) as well as body mass index (BMI), sex, and age is investigated.
Methods: We analyzed data of 923 first and second graders (422 girls, 501 boys, age = 6.80 ± 0.44 years). The children's basic motor competencies were assessed by the MOBAK-1 test instrument. Besides analyses of frequency, correlation, and variance, 3 confirmatory factor analyses with covariates were performed.
Results: We found 2 MOBAK factors consisting of 4 items each. The first factor, locomotion, included the items balancing, rolling, jumping, and side stepping; the second factor, object control, included the items throwing, catching, bouncing, and dribbling. The motor ability strength had a significant influence on the factors locomotion (β = 0.60) and object control (β = 0.50). Older pupils achieved better results than younger pupils on object control (β = 0.29). Boys performed better on object control (β = −0.44), whereas girls achieved better results in locomotion (β = 0.07). Pupils with a high BMI achieved lower performance only on the factor locomotion (β = −0.28).
Conclusion: The MOBAK-1 test instrument developed for this study meets psychometric validity demands and is suitable to evaluate effects of sports and physical education.
In der recht strikt reglementierten Wissenschafts- und Universitätslandschaft Frankreichs gibt es ein Refugium akademischer Freiheit und Exzellenz, eine Art Super-"Institute for Advanced Study" und dies mit einer bis zu Franz I. und Guillaume Budé in das Jahr 1530 reichenden Tradition: das bereits früh an heutiger Stätte im Pariser Quartier latin ansässige Collège de France. Dessen gegenwärtig etwas über 50 Professoren – am Anfang standen lediglich "lecteurs royaux" für die klassischen Sprachen – obliegt eine einzige Aufgabe, ob es sich nun um Mathematiker, Naturwissenschaftler, Informatiker, Philosophen, Soziologen, Historiker und Philologen, um Astrophysiker, Assyrologen oder Psychologen handelt: das Wissen, wie es entsteht, zu lehren ("enseigner le savoir en train de se faire"). Solche Lehre erfolgt gratis et publice, sie führt weder zu Prüfungen noch zu Abschlüssen; im Idealfall eint Lehrende und Lernende reiner amor scientiae. Entscheidend für eine Berufung sind Gewicht und Originalität der wissenschaftlichen Persönlichkeit; deshalb können bei Emeritierung, Weggang oder Tod freigewordene Lehrstühle auf Initiative der kooptierenden Professorenschaft dem Arbeitsgebiet der gewünschten Kandidaten entsprechend umgewidmet werden. ...
The IPS e.max system by Ivoclar Vivadent, offering a variety of products and indications, is widely used for all-ceramic restorations. We analyzed the clinical track record of these products in daily clinical practice, associating their restorative survival rate with various parameters to define recommendations for long-term stability. A total of 1058 full-coverage crowns and fixed partial dentures (FPDs) were evaluated retrospectively over up to 66.48 (37.05 ± 18.4) months. All were made of IPS e.max Press, IPS e.max CAD, IPS e.max Ceram or IPS e.max ZirPress and had been delivered by a private dental practice within three years. Uses not recommended by the manufacturer were also deliberately included. The five-year cumulative survival was 94.22% (i.e., 94.69% or 90.58% for glass-ceramic crowns or FDPs and 100% or 90.06% for zirconia-based crowns or FDPs). Significantly superior outcomes emerged for conventional vs. adhesive cementation and for vital vs. non-vital abutment teeth, but not for recommended vs. non-recommended uses. Caution is required in restoring non-vital teeth, but the spectrum of recommended uses should generally be reconsidered and expanded, given our finding of high survival and success rates for IPS e.max ceramics, even for uses not currently recommended by the manufacturer.
L’ouvrage réunit onze contributions présentées pour la plupart lors du Congrès des historiens allemands (Historikertag, section "Kriegsbilder II und III") à Constance en 2006, qui s’attachent à l’étude de la représentation de la guerre et des scènes de violence dans un cadre chronologique allant de la fin du Moyen Âge au XVIII e siècle. L’unité de la période envisagée découle de considérations liées à la technique guerrière, mais aussi à l’évolution des médias et des modes de représentation. ...
A novel osteotomy preparation technique to preserve implant site viability and enhance osteogenesis
(2019)
The preservation of bone viability at an osteotomy site is a critical variable for subsequent implant osseointegration. Recent biomechanical studies evaluating the consequences of site preparation led us to rethink the design of bone-cutting drills, especially those intended for implant site preparation. We present here a novel drill design that is designed to efficiently cut bone at a very low rotational velocity, obviating the need for irrigation as a coolant. The low-speed cutting produces little heat and, consequently, osteocyte viability is maintained. The lack of irrigation, coupled with the unique design of the cutting flutes, channels into the osteotomy autologous bone chips and osseous coagulum that have inherent osteogenic potential. Collectively, these features result in robust, new bone formation at rates significantly faster than those observed with conventional drilling protocols. These preclinical data have practical implications for the clinical preparation of osteotomies and alveolar bone reconstructive surgeries.
To date, chemicals are used ubiquitous in everyday life and an increasing consumption of pharmaceuticals and personal care products and industrial chemicals results in an increased water pollution. Conventional wastewater treatment plants are not able to completely remove the variety of (polar) organic compounds from today’s wastewater and thus serve as constant key point sources for the unintentional release of (micro-)pollutants into the aquatic environment. Anthropogenic micropollutants are detectable in very low concentrations in almost every aquatic compartment and may cause adverse effects on aquatic organisms. Considering the current situation of water pollution and to enhance water quality with regard to environmental and human health, the implementation of advanced wastewater treatment technologies, such as ozonation and activated carbon filtration was extensively discussed and investigated in recent years. Yet, besides their advantages regarding the efficient removal of a variety of recalcitrant, organic compounds as well as pathogens from the wastewater, it is known that especially the treatment with ozone may lead to the formation of largely unknown ozonation by-products with often unknown toxicity and unknown threats to human and the environment. To address these topics the joint research project TransRisk aimed at the “characterization, communication and minimization of risks originating from emerging contaminants and pathogens in the water cycle”. Within this research project the present thesis focuses on the ecotoxicological investigation of emerging waterborne contaminants, including their potential transformation products (TPs). Additionally, focus was laid on the investigation of combined effects of anthropogenic contaminants and pathogens with effects especially on aquatic invertebrate organisms.
The potential ecotoxicological effects of the antiviral drug acyclovir and two of its structurally identified TPs, were investigated on three aquatic organisms (Raphidocelis subcapitata, Daphnia magna and embryos of Danio rerio). While the parent compound acyclovir caused no acute toxicity up to a tested concentration of 100 mg/l on any of the investigated organisms, both TPs were shown to exhibit an increased aquatic toxicity. Carboxy-acyclovir, the biodegradation product of acyclovir, significantly reduced reproduction of D. magna by 40% at 102 mg/l, and the ozonation product COFA significantly inhibited growth of green algae R. subcapitata (EC10 = 14.1 mg/l). In the present case, advanced wastewater treatment was shown to lead to the formation of TPs, that reveal a higher toxicity towards investigated organisms, than the parent compound. Results highlight the necessity of further research related to the topic of identification and characterization of TPs, formed during advanced wastewater treatment processes.
To investigate the potential reduction or enhancement of toxic effects of nine differently treated wastewater effluents, selected bioassays with Daphnia magna, Lumbriculus variegatus and Lemna minor were conducted in flow-through test systems on a pilot treatment plant. The different treatment processes included ozonation of conventional biological treatment, with subsequent filtration processes as well as membrane bioreactor treatment in combination with ozonation. While exposure to the conventionally treated wastewater did not result in significant impairing effects on D. magna and L. minor, a reduced abundance of L. variegatus (by up to 46%) was observed compared to the medium control. Subsequent ozonation and additional filtration of the wastewater enhanced water quality, visible in an improved performance of L. variegatus. In general, direct evidence for the formation of toxic TPs due to the advanced wastewater treatments was not found, at least not in concentrations high enough to cause measurable effects in the investigated test systems. Additionally, no evidence for immunotoxic effects of the investigated wastewater effluents were observed. Yet, study-site- and species-specific effects hindered the definite interpretation of results. That underline the importance of a suitable test battery consisting of representatives of different taxonomic groups and trophic levels, to ensure a comprehensive evaluation of the complex matrix of wastewater and to avoid false-negative or false-positive results.
With aim to improve knowledge regarding immunotoxicity in invertebrates, the potential immunotoxic effects of the immunosuppressive pharmaceutical cyclosporine A (CsA) were investigated by applying the host-parasite model system Daphnia magna – Pasteuria ramosa in an adapted host resistance assay. Co-exposure to CsA and Pasteuria synergistically affected long-term survival of D. magna. Additionally, the enhanced virulence of the pathogen upon chemical co-exposure was expressed in synergistically increased infection rates and an increased speed of Pasteuria-induced host sterilization. In conclusion, results provide evidence for a suppressed disease resistance in a chemically stressed invertebrate host, highlighting the importance of investigating the conjunction of environmental pollutants and pathogens in the environmental risk assessment of anthropogenic pollutants.
Musik
(2016)
Die Musik hat ein besonderes Verhältnis zur Zeit – so eng und unauflöslich, dass man sie immer wieder als die 'Zeitkunst' schlechthin bezeichnet hat. Dabei könnte es so scheinen, als sei die Zeitlichkeit, die musikalischen Verläufen selbst inhärent ist, mit der des Produzierens und/oder Rezipierens von Musik 'synchron': Man spielt oder hört ein Musikstück, indem es sich in der Zeit vollzieht, und es vollzieht sich in der Zeit, indem es gespielt und gehört wird. So gesehen wäre die einzig mögliche Zeitform der Musik die unausgesetzt prozessierende Gegenwart.
Nanotechnologie
(2016)
Die Nanotechnologie behauptet ihren Status als Schlüsseltechnologie der Zukunft seit geraumer Zeit und sie tut dies mit gehörigem Aufwand. Sie gilt, wie weit über den wissenschaftlichen Bereich hinaus zu lesen ist, als Zukunftschiffre schlechthin. Ihre Verheißungen sind weitreichend und werden entsprechend vollmundig vorgetragen, betreffen sie doch grundlegend neue Möglichkeiten in der Gestaltung technischer Um- und menschlicher Lebenswelten. Nicht zuletzt das Zusammengehen mit anderen zukunftsträchtigen Techniken und ihr Zusammenschluss in der so genannten NBIC-Konvergenz ('nano', 'bio', 'info' und 'cogno') steigern diese Potentiale um ein Beträchtliches. Die Liste der an Nanotechnologie geknüpften Versprechen ist beeindruckend, scheint sie doch Lösungen für sämtliche Zukunftsprobleme anzubieten. Diese betreffen Rohstoffbewirtschaftung und Energieversorgung, Produktion und flächendeckende Verfügbarkeit von Nahrungsmitteln, politische Teilhabe aller bis hin zur Realisation des Weltfriedens, umfassenden Umweltschutz, Revolution des Gesundheitswesens, Bereitstellung verbesserter Informationstechnologien und handlungsfähiger Materialien.
Ökologie
(2016)
Ist heute die Rede von ökologischem Bewusstsein, Umweltverschmutzung oder Energiequellen, so ist immer auch zugleich die Rede von der Zukunft: In Frage steht, wie ein zukünftiges Leben unter den von Menschen geschaffenen Bedingungen aussehen könnte – Stichworte sind Klimawandel, Wassermangel, Erschöpfung der Energie-Ressourcen sowie die daraus folgenden Konsequenzen: Kriege um die Territorien, in denen ein Überleben noch möglich ist. Stets werfen solchen Szenarien die Frage auf, mit welchen Mitteln und Umstellungen diese düstere Zukunft vermieden werden könnte, verhandelt werden solchermaßen eine Energieversorgung durch alternative Energiequellen, die Ausrichtung der Wirtschaft auf Nachhaltigkeit, aber auch die Frage, ob die Demokratie überhaupt in der Lage ist, angesichts der akuten und globalen Probleme rechtzeitig zu agieren.