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Ein Schwerpunktthema der AFSV-Tagung 2005 in Kaschubien war der „Methodenvergleich der Forst-lichen Standorts- und Vegetationskartierung“, den die „Arbeitsgruppe Waldtypologie“ der IUFRO im Jahr 1959 beschlossen hatte und der in den Jahren 1960 und 1961 durchgeführt wurde (BąKOWSKI 1971). Aktueller Anlass ist der derzeitige Versuch einer „Rahmenklassifikation der Waldstandorte Deutschlands“, wie er von KOPP (2004) in Heft 1 von Waldökologie online angeregt wurde. Auf der AFSV-Tagung wurden die drei im Waldgebiet von Kartuzy / Pommersche Seenplatte, damals ange-wandten Verfahren und ihre Fortentwicklung vorgestellt und diskutiert: 1. Phytosoziologische Methode (Kartierung der potenziellen natürlichen Vegetation; MATUSZKIEWICZ 1971), 2. Kombinierte Methode (Kartierung von Stamm- und Zustandseigenschaften; LANGGUTH et al. 1965, KOPP 1971), 3. Waldtypologische Methode (Standortskartierung nach der Methode des Forstlichen Forschungsin-stitutes in Warszawa, TRAMPLER et al. 1971). Aus den Diskussionen vor Ort ergab sich, dass ein Informationsdefizit über den heutigen Stand der letztgenannten Methode besteht. Die nachfolgenden Ausführungen sollen dieses Defizit beheben. Das polnische Verfahren war zum Zeitpunkt des IUFRO-Vergleiches 1960 sehr einfach gehalten. Die an-gewandte Methodik war in „Typy siedliskowe lasu“ (Standortstypen des Waldes), einer Arbeit von L. MROCZKIEWICZ und T. TRAMPLER (Prace IBL nr 250, PWRiL 1964) erläutert. In den letzten 40 Jahren wurde das Verfahren jedoch wesentlich weiter entwickelt und der kombinierten Methode deutlich an-geglichen. Heute wird die forstliche Standortkartierung in Polen durch die Anweisung für Forsteinrich-tungsarbeiten (Instrukcja urzadzania lasu, Teil 2) von 2003 sowie Standörtliche Grundlagen des Waldbaus (Siedliskowe podstawy hodowli lasu) von 2004 geregelt. Um die Vergleichbarkeit der Ergebnisse zu gewährleisten, ist die Methodik in ihren Grundzügen beibehalten worden.
In the year 2004 the ASFV celebrated its 50th anniversary holding a conference in Sulczyno, Kartuzy. This event offered the possibility to give an actual overview of forest resources and forest functions in Poland. The excursions of the meeting focused on the fascinating, diversified forest landscape formed by the Pomeranian phase of the Baltic glaciation. The Kartuzy Forest District is situated in the heart of the Kashubian Lakeland and the moraine hills. The landscape is not only characterized by the natural occurrence of Baltic beech forests but also by high diversity of soils and meso- and microclimatic de-viations providing habitats for rare plant species, including some plants typical of mountain regions. The tree species combination of the District is formed by pine, spruce, and beech. The oldest parts of the forests are legally protected as nature reserves.
Das Verhältnis von Standort und Vegetation Wie sollte man das Verhältnis von Standort und Vegetation beschreiben? Viele Autoren bezeichnen den Standort als die „Gesamtheit der an einem bestimmten Ort auf die Vegetation wirkenden Einflüsse“ (u. a. GLAVAC 1996). Mit anderen Worten ist der Standort die Gesamtheit der Einwirkungen auf die Vegetation. Kann man sich das ähnlich wie in einem Billardspiel vorstellen? ...
Heteropteran communities in the canopies of Silver fir (Abies alba) and spruce (Picea abies) were studied at three lowland and three mountainous sites throughout Bavaria using flight-interception traps. At one lowland site sampling was extended to oak (Quercus petraea). A significantly higher number of species and specimens occurred on fir when compared to spruce. Including all sampled species, numbers on fir were even higher than on oak. Excluding tourists, oak was most species rich. Results demonstrate that fir, spruce, and oak harbour distinct communities. While specific communities including several rare species (e.g. Actinonotus pulcher, Psallus punctulatus) were found on fir, mainly generalists were found on spruce. Pinalitus atomarius, Cremnocephalus alpestris, Phoenicocoris dissimilis and Orius minutus significantly preferred fir. Therefore, with an increased cultivation of fir in lieu of spruce, an increase in Heteropteran diversity can be expected.
Urwald relict species – Saproxylic beetles indicating structural qualities and habitat tradition
(2005)
On the basis of the list of saproxylic beetles of Germany, the authors present a definition and list of “Urwald relict species”, comprising 115 beetles that are considered to be associated with primeval forest (“Urwald”) structures and features. We use the term “habitat tradition” to describe a continuity in supply of old growth dead wood and forest structures. The selection of species is made on behalf of the following criteria: relict records in Central Europe; attachment to continuity of deadwood resources and habitat tradition; continuity of old growth stand features like tree and deadwood maturity and di-versity; absence from cultivated Central European forest.
Die Flora-Fauna-Habitat-Richtlinie der Europäischen Union von 1992 dient dem Ziel der Erhaltung und Förderung der biologischen Vielfalt. Sie bildet zusammen mit der Vogelschutz-Richtlinie die Grundlage für das Schutzsystem "Natura-2000", das die EU-Staaten dazu verpflichtet, einen länderübergreifenden Biotopverbund zu etablieren. In den Anhängen der Richtlinien wurde festgelegt, welche Arten und Lebensräume in Europa unter Schutz zu stellen sind ("Nature and Biodiversity" Homepage der EU). Bayern trägt aufgrund seiner geografischen Lage in Mitteleuropa vor allem für Waldlebensräume eine hohe Verantwortung. Wald ist daher auch mit etwa 450.000 ha (56%) deutlich überproportional an den gemeldeten FFH- und SPA-Gebieten beteiligt ("Natura-2000 im Wald"), zwei Drittel davon in den Alpen (Abb. 1). In den bayerischen Waldgebieten spielen Informationen über den Standort als Entscheidungsgrundlage für die Ausscheidung von FFH-Lebensraumtypen eine entscheidende Rolle.
Comparison of three modelling approaches of potential natural forest habitats in Bavaria, Germany
(2005)
In the context of the EU Habitats Directive, which contains the obligation of environmental monitoring, nature conservation authorities face a growing demand for effective and competitive methods to survey protected habitats. Therefore the presented research study compared three modelling approaches (rule-based method with applied Bavarian woodland types, multivariate technique of cluster analysis, and a fuzzy logic approach) for the purpose of detecting potential habitat types. The results can be combined with earth observation data of different geometric resolution (ASTER, SPOT5, aerial photographs or very high resolution satellite data) in order to determine actual forest habitat types. This was carried out at two test sites, situated in the pre-alpine area in Bavaria (southern Germany). The results were subsequently compared to the terrestrial mapped habitat areas of the NATURA 2000 management plans. First results show that these techniques are a valuable support in mapping and monitoring NATURA 2000 forest habitats.
The map of “Regional natural forest composition by main tree species” (WALENTOWSKI et al. 2001) depicts Bavaria as a region largely predominated by the European beech (Fagus sylvatica). Analyses of climatope, hygrotope and trophotope of fir-dominated regional natural units make evident that the reasons for the preponderance of the European silver fir (Abies alba) are edaphic. In terms of regeneration vigour, growth and yield the fir particularly dominates in habitats with a combination of humus cover, acid-oligotrophic topsoils and clayey or waterlogged subsoils, where the beech usually exhibits stunted and malformed growth forms. This ecological preference has the effect that Bavarian Abies alba-forests are restricted to small patches within a matrix of potential natural vegetation formed by mixed deciduous-coniferous mountain forests. Within European Natura 2000 areas Abies- forests should be recorded carefully as special habitats. Their transitional character between temperate beech forests (habitat type 9130) and boreal spruce forests (habitat type 9410), the ecological preference of Abies alba as an endangered tree species and their sensitivity against environmental stressors, including changes in forest structure, air quality, and climate, make them important objects for nature conservation.
Theories of cognition that are based on information processing and representation are reactive (Rosen, 1985) or backwards looking, not anticipatory. In a previous article (Thibault, 2005a), I looked at the reasons why humans and bonobos do not need an innate language faculty in order to be minded, languaging beings. The present article takes up some of the questions explored there, but, it asks, on the other hand, what sort of a minded agent has language and what kind of account of language and more broadly meaning do we need to explain minded, languaged agents and the activities they participate in? Following Rosen (1985), I also take up and further develop a point first raised in Thibault (2004a: 187) on language as an anticipatory system, rather than a reactively ‘representational’ one (see also Bickhard, 2005).
A world revision of the four entedonine (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae: Entedoninae) genera of larval parasitoids of thrips (Thysanoptera) is presented: Ceranisus Walker, 1841, Entedonomphale Girault, 1915 stat. rev. (reinstated as a valid taxon from previous synonymy under Ceranisus, with type species E. margiscutum Girault, 1915 stat. rev.), Goetheana Girault, 1920, and Thripobius Ferrière, 1938. The following new generic synonymies are proposed: Cryptomphale Girault, 1917, Entedonastichus Girault, 1920, Pirenoidea Girault, 1922, and Thripoctenoides Erdös, 1954 under Entedonomphale. The proposed new combinations are as follows: Entedonomphale bicolorata (Ishii, 1933), E. nubilipennis (Williams, 1916), and Thripobius javae (Girault, 1917) from Ceranisus; Entedonomphale carbonaria (Erdös, 1954), E. dei (Girault, 1922), E. kaulbarsi (Yoshimoto, 1981), and E. mira (Girault, 1920) from Entedonastichus. New synonymies are proposed for the following species: Ceranisus vinctus (Gahan, 1932) under Ceranisus menes (Walker, 1839), Diglyphus aculeo Walker, 1848 under Ceranisus pacuvius (Walker, 1838); Ceranisus maculatus (Waterston, 1930) and Thripobius semiluteus Boucek, 1976 under Thripobius javae (Girault, 1917); Entedonastichus albicoxis (Szelényi, 1982) under Entedonomphale carbonaria (Erdös, 1954), and Entedonastichus gaussi (Ferrière, 1958) under Entedonomphale bicolorata (Ishii, 1933). Eleven new species are described: Ceranisus barsoomensis and C. votetoda (Australia), C. udnamtak (Nepal); Entedonomphale boccaccioi (USA), E. esenini (Madagascar), E. lermontovi (South Africa), E. quasimodo and E. zakavyka (Australia); Goetheana pushkini (Japan and Republic of Korea) and G. rabelaisi (Australia); and Thripobius melikai (China). Three species are excluded from Ceranisus: C. ancylae (Girault, 1917) (mistakenly listed in Ceranisus) as well as C. nigricornis Motschulsky, 1863 and C. semitestaceus Motschulsky, 1863, both taxa incertae sedis. New data are provided on the distribution and host associations of many of the species included in this review.