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- Jeder Fehler zählt : das Frankfurter Fehlerberichts- und Lernsystem für Hausarztpraxen (2007)
- Anderer Fehler sind gute Lehrer « – so lautet ein nur wenig bekanntes altes deutsches Sprichwort. Für medizinische Fehler galt das die längste Zeit nicht: entweder totgeschwiegen oder als »Kunstfehler « in das Licht der Öffentlichkeit gezerrt, entzogen sich ärztliche Fehler einer systematischen Analyse. Damit hat die Medizin lange eine wichtige Chance vertan. Am Institut für Allgemeinmedizin der Universität Frankfurt beschäftigt sich seit einigen Jahren ein Team unter Leitung von Prof. Dr. Ferdinand Gerlach intensiv mit der Fehlerforschung. ...
- Curriculares Semniar Evidenzbasierte Medizin am Universitätsklinikum Frankfurt am Main (2005)
- Poster: Einführung Obwohl international die Integration der Evidenzbasierten Medizin (EbM) in die klinische Medizin und in die Ausbildung voranschreitet, ist die Verbreitung im deutschen Klinikalltag eine fortbestehende Herausforderung. Die Neue Ärzteapprobationsordnung bietet Möglichkeiten für innovative Konzepte im medizinischen Curriculum. Die selbstständige und systematische Informationssuche ist eine Kernkompetenz u.a. auch der hausärztlichen Tätigkeit. Zum Wintersemester 03/04 wurde in Frankfurt das erste curriculare Seminar EbM auf der Basis des peer-teaching eingeführt und wissenschaftlich begleitet. Methoden In Kleingruppenseminaren zu je 23 Studierenden des 2. klinischen Semesters wird an 4 Terminen ein Basiskurs EbM nach den Kriterien des Deutschen Netzwerkes für Evidenzbasierte Medizin e.V. durchgeführt. Dabei werden folgende E-Learning-Module erarbeitet: Internetrecherche, Diagnose und Therapie in tutorenunterstützten Kleingruppen. Jeder Studierende hat einen persönlichen Arbeitsplatz mit Internetzugang, um anfallende Recherchen nach externer Evidenz durchführen zu können. Ein individuelles Fallbeispiel (klinische Fragestellung) soll bearbeitet werden, zu dessen Beantwortung die internetgestützten Tools der evidenzbasierten Methode angewendet werden. Diese Seminararbeit wird im Rahmen eines "journal clubs" mit der Kleingruppe ausgewertet und evaluiert. Ergebnisse Die Akzeptanz des Seminars und der Wissenszuwachs durch evidenzbasiertes Arbeiten wurden durch Weberschock et al (2005) wissenschaftlich erfasst und zeigen positive Ergebnisse. Schlussfolgerung Das Seminar EbM ist auf elektronische Medien angewiesen. Vor allem das Modul Internetrecherche, ist eine essentielle Kompetenz für die ärztliche Tätigkeit und bedarf den sichern Umgang mit den entsprechenden internetgestützten Anwendungen.
- "Anamneseerhebung und Gesprächsführung" : Bedarfs- und Erwartungsanalyse bei Studierenden der Vorklinik als Grundlage für eine modulare Kurs-Neugestaltung (2007)
- Poster GMA-Jahrestagung 2006 : Jahrestagung der Gesellschaft für Medizinische Ausbildung - GMA. Köln, 10.-12.11.2006. Düsseldorf, Köln: German Medical Science; 2006. Doc 06gma121 Fragestellung: Im Rahmen der neuen Approbationsordnung wird die Vermittlung kommunikativer Fähigkeiten ausdrücklich betont. Die derzeitige Ausbildung wird diesbezüglich als defizitär eingeschätzt (z.B. [1]). Aufgabe eines neuen Lehrprojektes an der Universität Frankfurt ist die Neukonzeption des vorklinischen Kurses "Einführung in die Klinische Medizin“. Dabei sollen insbesondere Module entwickelt werden, die den Studierenden eine fundierte Basisausbildung in ärztlicher Gesprächsführung und Anamnesetechnik bieten. Ein Ziel der Neukonzeption ist die nutzerorientierte Gestaltung der Module. Methode: Im Sommersemester 2006 wurde eine explorative Befragung (Kombination standardisierter Fragen und Freitext) von bisher 93 Studierenden des 4. vorklinischen Semesters nach Abschluss des Kurses "Einführung in die Klinische Medizin“ durchgeführt. Wünsche bezüglich ärztlicher Gesprächsführung sowie die Einschätzung der im derzeitigen Kurs erworbenen Kenntnisse und Fertigkeiten wurden mittels Fragebogen zur Selbsteinschätzung eruiert und deskriptiv ausgewertet. Ergebnisse: Vorläufige Ergebnisse zeigen, dass fast 100% der Befragten die Ausbildung in Gesprächsführung für ihren späteren Beruf als "wichtig“ oder "sehr wichtig“ erachten. Nach Abschluss des jetzigen Kurses schätzten jedoch fast alle Studierenden Ihre Fähigkeiten und theoretischen Kenntnisse selbstkritisch als defizitär ein. Die Studierenden präferieren folgende Unterrichtsmethoden (Mehrfachantworten möglich): über 90% Anamnesetraining mit echten Patienten, 50% Demonstration einer gelungenen Anamnese durch den Dozenten (Vorzeigeanamnese), 50% Rollenspiele, 40% Videoanalyse eines eigenen Anamnesegespräches. Schlussfolgerung und Ausblick: Die Neukonzeption wird die Bedürfnisse und Wünsche der Studierenden berücksichtigen und auch bislang nicht geplante Aspekte, z.B. "Vorzeigeanamnese“, beinhalten. Der Einfluß der Bedarfs- und Erwartungsanalyse auf die Neukonzeption der Module wird gesondert dargestellt. Nach Umgestaltung des vorklinischen Kurses sind aufbauende Module für den klinischen Abschnitt geplant.
- Case management for the treatment of patients with major depression in general practices – rationale, design and conduct of a cluster randomized controlled trial – PRoMPT (primary care monitoring for depressive patient's trial) [ISRCTN66386086] – Study protocol (2005)
- Background: Depression is a disorder with high prevalence in primary health care and a significant burden of illness. The delivery of health care for depression, as well as other chronic illnesses, has been criticized for several reasons and new strategies to address the needs of these illnesses have been advocated. Case management is a patient-centered approach which has shown efficacy in the treatment of depression in highly organized Health Maintenance Organization (HMO) settings and which might also be effective in other, less structured settings. Methods/Design: PRoMPT (PRimary care Monitoring for depressive Patients Trial) is a cluster randomised controlled trial with General Practice (GP) as the unit of randomisation. The aim of the study is to evaluate a GP applied case-management for patients with major depressive disorder. 70 GPs were randomised either to intervention group or to control group with the control group delivering usual care. Each GP will include 10 patients suffering from major depressive disorder according to the DSM-IV criteria. The intervention group will receive treatment based on standardized guidelines and monthly telephone monitoring from a trained practice nurse. The nurse investigates the patient's status concerning the MDD criteria, his adherence to GPs prescriptions, possible side effects of medication, and treatment goal attainment. The control group receives usual care – including recommended guidelines. Main outcome measure is the cumulative score of the section depressive disorders (PHQ-9) from the German version of the Prime MD Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-D). Secondary outcome measures are the Beck-Depression-Inventory, self-reported adherence (adapted from Moriskey) and the SF-36. In addition, data are collected about patients' satisfaction (EUROPEP-tool), medication, health care utilization, comorbidity, suicide attempts and days out of work. The study comprises three assessment times: baseline (T0) , follow-up after 6 months (T1) and follow-up after 12 months (T2). Discussion: Depression is now recognized as a disorder with a high prevalence in primary care but with insufficient treatment response. Case management seems to be a promising intervention which has the potential to bridge the gap of the usually time-limited and fragmented provision of care. Case management has been proven to be effective in several studies but its application in the private general medical practice setting remains unclear.
- E-Learning in der allgemeinmedizinischen Ausbildung: zentrale Begleitung im dezentralen Praktikum ; Eine Evaluation (2005)
- E-Learning soll im Rahmen der allgemeinmedizinischen Ausbildung von Medizinstudierenden erprobt werden. Ein zielgruppenspezifisches, multimodulares Online-Angebot begleitet Medizinstudenten des 10. Semesters während ihres dezentralen Praktikums in hausärztlichen Praxen. Folgende Lehrziele werden angestrebt: (1) Einführung in das E-Learning, (2) Klinische Allgemeinmedizin - Online-Modul, (3) Chronic Care Online-Modul, (4) Online-Bewerbung. Die systematische Evaluation zeigt, dass E-Learning die Kommunikation der Studierenden untereinander und mit der universitären Lehreinheit während des Praktikum fördert. Auf der Grundlage der in diesem Pilotversuch gewonnenen Erfahrungen erscheint die Kombination mit Präsenzunterricht (Blended Learning) eine vielversprechende Option für die allgemeinmedizinische Ausbildung zu sein.
- Health-related quality of life among general practice patients with differing chronic diseases in Germany : cross sectional survey (2008)
- Background This study was carried out to compare the HRQoL of patients in general practice with differing chronic diseases with the HRQoL of patients without chronic conditions, to evaluate the HRQoL of general practice patients in Germany compared with the HRQoL of the general population, and to explore the influence of different chronic diseases on patients HRQoL, independently of the effects of multiple confounding variables. Methods A cross-sectional questionnaire survey including the SF-36, the EQ-5D and demographic questions was conducted in 20 general practices in Germany. 1009 consecutive patients aged 15–89 participated. The SF-36 scale scores of general practice patients with differing chronic diseases were compared with those of patients without chronic conditions. Differences in the SF-36 scale/summary scores and proportions in the EQ-5D dimensions between patients and the general population were analyzed. Independent effects of chronic conditions and demographic variables on the HRQoL were analyzed using multivariable linear regression and polynomial regression models. Results The HRQoL for general practice patients with differing chronic diseases tended to show more physical than mental health impairments compared with the reference group of patients without. Patients in general practice in Germany had considerably lower SF-36 scores than the general population (P < 0.001 for all) and showed significantly higher proportions of problems in all EQ-5D dimensions except for the self-care dimension (P < 0.001 for all). The mean EQ VAS for general practice patients was lower than that for the general population (69.2 versus 77.4, P < 0.001). The HRQoL for general practice patients in Germany seemed to be more strongly affected by diseases like depression, back pain, OA of the knee, and cancer than by hypertension and diabetes. Conclusion General practice patients with differing chronic diseases in Germany had impaired quality of life, especially in terms of physical health. The independent impacts on the HRQoL were different depending on the type of chronic disease. Findings from this study might help health professionals to concern more influential diseases in primary care from the patient´s perspective.
- The systematic guideline review : method, rationale, and test on chronic heart failure (2009)
- Background Evidence-based guidelines potentially improve healthcare. However, their de-novo-development requires substantial resources - especially for complex conditions, and adaptation may be biased by contextually influenced recommendations in source guidelines. In this paper we describe a new approach to guideline development - the systematic guideline review method (SGR), and its application in the development of an evidence-based guideline for family physicians on chronic heart failure (CHF). Methods A systematic search for guidelines was carried out. Evidence-based guidelines on CHF management in adults in ambulatory care published in English or German between the years 2000 and 2004 were included. Guidelines on acute or right heart failure were excluded. Eligibility was assessed by two reviewers, methodological quality of selected guidelines was appraised using the AGREE-instrument, and a framework of relevant clinical questions for diagnostics and treatment was derived. Data were extracted into evidence tables, systematically compared by means of a consistency analysis and synthesized in a preliminary draft. Most relevant primary sources were re-assessed to verify the cited evidence. Evidence and recommendations were summarized in a draft guideline. Results Of 16 included guidelines five were of good quality. A total of 35 recommendations were systematically compared: 25/35 were consistent, 9/35 inconsistent, and 1/35 unratable (derived from a single guideline). Of the 25 consistencies, 14 based on consensus, seven on evidence and four differed in grading. Major inconsistencies were found in 3/9 of the inconsistent recommendations. We re-evaluated the evidence for 17 recommendations (evidence-based, differing evidence levels and minor inconsistencies) the majority was congruent. Incongruencies were found, where the stated evidence could not be verified in the cited primary sources, or where the evaluation in the source guidelines focused on treatment benefits and underestimated the risks. The draft guideline was completed in 8.5 man-months. The main limitation to this study was the lack of a second reviewer. Conclusions The systematic guideline review including framework development, consistency analysis and validation is an effective, valid, and resource saving-approach to the development of evidence-based guidelines.
- The German MultiCare-study : patterns of multimorbidity in primary health care - protocol of a prospective cohort study (2009)
- Background Multimorbidity is a highly frequent condition in older people, but well designed longitudinal studies on the impact of multimorbidity on patients and the health care system have been remarkably scarce in numbers until today. Little is known about the long term impact of multimorbidity on the patients' life expectancy, functional status and quality of life as well as health care utilization over time. As a consequence, there is little help for GPs in adjusting care for these patients, even though studies suggest that adhering to present clinical practice guidelines in the care of patients with multimorbidity may have adverse effects. Methods The study is designed as a multicentre prospective, observational cohort study of 3.050 patients aged 65 to 85 at baseline with at least three different diagnoses out of a list of 29 illnesses and syndromes. The patients will be recruited in approx. 120 to 150 GP surgeries in 8 study centres distributed across Germany. Information about the patients' morbidity will be collected mainly in GP interviews and from chart reviews. Functional status, resources/risk factors, health care utilization and additional morbidity data will be assessed in patient interviews, in which a multitude of well established standardized questionnaires and tests will be performed. Discussion The main aim of the cohort study is to monitor the course of the illness process and to analyse for which reasons medical conditions are stable, deteriorating or only temporarily present. First, clusters of combinations of diseases/disorders (multimorbidity patterns) with a comparable impact (e.g. on quality of life and/or functional status) will be identified. Then the development of these clusters over time will be analysed, especially with regard to prognostic variables and the somatic, psychological and social consequences as well as the utilization of health care resources. The results will allow the development of an instrument for prediction of the deterioration of the illness process and point at possibilities of prevention. The practical consequences of the study results for primary care will be analysed in expert focus groups in order to develop strategies for the inclusion of the aspects of multimorbidity in primary care guidelines.
- Development of a primary care-based complex care management intervention for chronically ill patients at high risk for hospitalization: a study protocol (2010)
- Background: Complex care management is seen as an approach to face the challenges of an ageing society with increasing numbers of patients with complex care needs. The Medical Research Council in the United Kingdom has proposed a framework for the development and evaluation of complex interventions that will be used to develop and evaluate a primary care-based complex care management program for chronically ill patients at high risk for future hospitalization in Germany. Methods and design: We present a multi-method procedure to develop a complex care management program to implement interventions aimed at reducing potentially avoidable hospitalizations for primary care patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, or chronic heart failure and a high likelihood of hospitalization. The procedure will start with reflection about underlying precipitating factors of hospitalizations and how they may be targeted by the planned intervention (pre-clinical phase). An intervention model will then be developed (phase I) based on theory, literature, and exploratory studies (phase II). Exploratory studies are planned that entail the recruitment of 200 patients from 10 general practices. Eligible patients will be identified using two ways of 'case finding': software based predictive modelling and physicians' proposal of patients based on clinical experience. The resulting subpopulations will be compared regarding healthcare utilization, care needs and resources using insurance claims data, a patient survey, and chart review. Qualitative studies with healthcare professionals and patients will be undertaken to identify potential barriers and enablers for optimal performance of the complex care management program. Discussion: This multi-method procedure will support the development of a primary care-based care management program enabling the implementation of interventions that will potentially reduce avoidable hospitalizations.
- Primary care practice-based care management for chronically ill patients (PraCMan): study protocol for a cluster randomized controlled trial [ISRCTN56104508] (2011)
- Background: Care management programmes are an effective approach to care for high risk patients with complex care needs resulting from multiple co-occurring medical and non-medical conditions. These patients are likely to be hospitalized for a potentially "avoidable" cause. Nurse-led care management programmes for high risk elderly patients showed promising results. Care management programmes based on health care assistants (HCAs) targeting adult patients with a high risk of hospitalisation may be an innovative approach to deliver cost-efficient intensified care to patients most in need. Methods: PraCMan is a cluster randomized controlled trial with primary care practices as unit of randomisation. The study evaluates a complex primary care practice-based care management of patients at high risk for future hospitalizations. Eligible patients either suffer from type 2 diabetes mellitus, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, chronic heart failure or any combination. Patients with a high likelihood of hospitalization within the following 12 months (based on insurance data) will be included in the trial. During 12 months of intervention patients of the care management group receive comprehensive assessment of medical and non-medical needs and resources as well as regular structured monitoring of symptoms. Assessment and monitoring will be performed by trained HCAs from the participating practices. Additionally, patients will receive written information, symptom diaries, action plans and a medication plan to improve self-management capabilities. This intervention is addition to usual care. Patients from the control group receive usual care. Primary outcome is the number of all-cause hospitalizations at 12 months follow-up, assessed by insurance claims data. Secondary outcomes are health-related quality of life (SF12, EQ5D), quality of chronic illness care (PACIC), health care utilisation and costs, medication adherence (MARS), depression status and severity (PHQ-9), self-management capabilities and clinical parameters. Data collection will be performed at baseline, 12 and 24 months (12 months post-intervention). Discussion: Practice-based care management for high risk individuals involving trained HCAs appears to be a promising approach to face the needs of an aging population with increasing care demands. Trial registration: Current Controlled Trials ISRCTN56104508
