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Forest ecosystem research in Hainich National Park (Thuringia) : first results on flora and vegetation in stands with contrasting tree species diversity
(2006)
- A floristic description is presented of the study sites of the Research Training Group “The role of biodi-versity for biogeochemical cycles and biotic interactions in temperate deciduous forests”. To investi-gate different aspects of plant biodiversity in Hainich National Park (Thuringia), deciduous forest stands with low, medium and high canopy tree species diversity were compared. The results of species richness and forest communities show that the research sites are characterised by a typical central European forest flora. Greater vascular plant species richness occurs with higher diversity of tree species. Six of altogether twelve research sites are assigned to the beech forest alliance (Galioodorati-Fagion), the second half belongs to the oak-hornbeam forest alliance (Carpinionbetuli). Suballiances within the Galioodorati-Fagion in the study area include the Galio-Fagetum and the Hordelymo-Fagetum. All Carpinionbetuli relevées are assigned to the suballiance Stellario-Carpinetum.
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Helfen Ellenberg-Zeigerwerte bei der Abschätzung des Nitrataustragsrisikos in Wäldern?
(2005)
- Die Definition der N-Sättigung von Wäldern wurde bisher überwiegend an N-Haushaltsgrößen geknüpft (ÅGREN & BOSATTA 1988, ABER et al. 1989, KÖLLING 1991, BML 2000). Aber auch mit vegetationskundlichen Methoden ist es möglich, Veränderungen des N-Status zu erkennen (ROST-SIEBERT & JAHN 1988, DIEKMANN & DUPRE 1997, BRUNET et al. 1998, DIEKMANN et al. 1999, FISCHER 1999, LAMEIRE et al. 2000, HOFMEISTER et al. 2002, BERNHARDT 2005). Dies geschieht oftmals mit Hilfe der Stickstoff- und Reaktions-Zeigerwerte nach Ellenberg (ELLENBERG et al. 2001). Sie können damit zur Indikation des Standortzustands von Wäldern und seiner Änderungen herangezogen werden. Im vorliegenden Aufsatz wurde untersucht, welchen Beitrag die Zeigerwerte der Bodenvegetation zur Vorhersage erhöhter Nitratkonzentration unter Wäldern leisten können. Die Nitratinventur Bayern (MELLERT et al. 2005a, 2005b), bei der auch die Bodenvegetation aufgenommen wurde, bot die Möglichkeit, das Indikatorpotential der Bodenvegetation als Zeiger für Nitratausträge zu prüfen. Die Analyse bietet überdies Ansatzpunkte, zwischen einem durch das Standortpotential bedingten Risiko und dem durch N-Depositionen als anthropogene Ursache für Nitratausträge zu unterscheiden. Zudem wurde geprüft, ob das zur Regionalisierung eingesetzte logistische Regressionsmodell (MELLERT et al. 2005c) durch die Hinzunahme der N-Zeigerwerte verbessert werden kann. Wegen der zu erwartenden Korrelation der Zeigerwerte mit den im Modell verwendeten Standortsindikatoren erhob sich insbesondere die Frage, ob der Zeigerwert die im Modell benutzten Prädiktoren lediglich (z.T.) ersetzt oder ob er die Prognosemöglichkeiten verbessert. Eine wirkliche Verbesserung der Vorhersage ist dann gegeben, wenn der N-Zeigerwert als zusätzlicher Prädiktor ins Modell aufgenommen werden kann und sich die unerklärte Varianz hierdurch signifikant verringert. Von praktischer Bedeutung könnten auch Korrelationen innerhalb der durch die Haupteffekte (Faktoren Wald- und Substrattyp) festgelegten Straten sein.
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The estimation of aboveground biomass and nutrient pools of understorey plants in closed Norway spruce forests and on clearcuts
(2010)
- The estimation model PhytoCalc allows a non-destructive quantification of dry weight and nutrient pools of understorey plants in forests by using the relationship between species biomass, cover and mean shoot length. The model has been validated with independent samples in several German forest types and can be a useful tool in forest monitoring. However, in open areas within forests (e.g. clearcuts), the current model version underestimates biomass and produces unreliable nutrient pool estimations. Thus, tissue density, as approximated by leaf dry matter content (LDMC), is systematically higher under high light compared to low light conditions. We demonstrate that the ratio of LDMC under clearcut conditions to LDMC under forest conditions can be used to adjust the PhytoCalc model to clearcut conditions. We investigated the LDMC ratio of five exemplary species commonly occurring on clearcuts. Integrating the square of the ratio as a correction factor improved estimates of biomass to more than 70% fit between observations and predictions. Results also suggest this ratio can be used to correct nutrient concentrations modelled in PhytoCalc, which tend to be overestimated in clearcuts. As morphological groups of plant species exhibit significantly different ratios, we advise using group-specific correction factors for clearcut adjustments in the future.
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High functional diversity is related to high nitrogen availability in a deciduous forest - evidence from a functional trait approach
(2010)
- The current study tested the assumption that floristic and functional diversity patterns are negatively related to soil nitrogen content. We analyzed 20 plots with soil N-contents ranging from 0.63% to 1.06% in a deciduous forest near Munich (Germany). To describe species adaptation strategies to different nitrogen availabilities, we used a plant functional type (PFT) approach. Each identified PFT represents one realized adaptation strategy to the current environment. These were correlated, next to plant species richness and evenness, to soil nitrogen contents. We found that N-efficient species were typical for low soil nitrogen contents, while N-requiring species occur at high N-contents. In contrast to our initial hypotheses, floristic and functional diversity measures (number of PFTs) were positively related to nitrogen content in the soil. Every functional group has its own adaptation to the prevailing environmental conditions; in consequence, these functional groups can co-exist but do not out-compete one another. The increased number of functional groups at high N-contents leads to increased species richness. Hence, for explaining diversity patterns we need to consider species groups representing different adaptations to the current environmental conditions. Such co-existing ecological strategies may even overcome the importance of competition in their effect on biodiversity.
