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DNA methylation profiles of aggressive behavior may capture lifetime cumulative effects of genetic, stochastic, and environmental influences associated with aggression. Here, we report the first large meta-analysis of epigenome-wide association studies (EWAS) of aggressive behavior (N = 15,324 participants). In peripheral blood samples of 14,434 participants from 18 cohorts with mean ages ranging from 7 to 68 years, 13 methylation sites were significantly associated with aggression (alpha = 1.2 × 10−7; Bonferroni correction). In cord blood samples of 2425 children from five cohorts with aggression assessed at mean ages ranging from 4 to 7 years, 83% of these sites showed the same direction of association with childhood aggression (r = 0.74, p = 0.006) but no epigenome-wide significant sites were found. Top-sites (48 at a false discovery rate of 5% in the peripheral blood meta-analysis or in a combined meta-analysis of peripheral blood and cord blood) have been associated with chemical exposures, smoking, cognition, metabolic traits, and genetic variation (mQTLs). Three genes whose expression levels were associated with top-sites were previously linked to schizophrenia and general risk tolerance. At six CpGs, DNA methylation variation in blood mirrors variation in the brain. On average 44% (range = 3–82%) of the aggression–methylation association was explained by current and former smoking and BMI. These findings point at loci that are sensitive to chemical exposures with potential implications for neuronal functions. We hope these results to be a starting point for studies leading to applications as peripheral biomarkers and to reveal causal relationships with aggression and related traits.
Das Chronic Care Model (CCM) stellt eine Zusammenfassung evidenzbasierter Erkenntnisse dar, um die Versorgung chronisch Erkrankter zu optimieren. Diverse Messinstrumente sind in den letzten Jahren zur Erfassung des Implementierungserfolges des CCM aus Sicht der Leistungserbringer und der Patienten entwickelt worden. Einen Ansatz zur Erfassung, inwiefern die im CCM beinhalteten Dimensionen angewendet werden, stellt das Patient Assessment of Chronic Illness Care (PACIC- 5A) dar. Dieses Instrument wurde im englischsprachigen Raum entwickelt und primär im amerikanischen Gesundheitssystem eingesetzt. Es besteht in der ursprünglichen Fassung aus 20 Items und erfragt in fünf Subskalen CCM-konkordante Aspekte: Patientenaktivierung, Leistungserbringerstruktur / Entscheidungshilfen, Zielsetzung, Problemlösung / Beratung, Follow-up / Koordination. Die erweiterte Version aus 26 Items erlaubt zusätzlich zur Beurteilung der Erfüllung des CCM die Analyse der Umsetzung im Sinne des 5A-Modells, eines behaviouristischen Ansatzes zur Verhaltensänderung. Ziel dieser Arbeit war es, den Fragebogen in die deutsche Sprache ohne Verlust des semantischen Inhaltes zu übersetzen und an einer primärmedizinischen Population im deutschen Gesundheitssystem zu evaluieren. Eine weitere Zielsetzung war, den Implementierungsgrad des CCM-Konstruktes im spezifischen Fall der Major Depression zu erkunden. Hierzu wurde das übersetzte PACIC-5A im Rahmen der im Institut für Allgemeinmedizin der Universitätsklinik Frankfurt durchgeführten ProMPT-Studie zur Betreuung von Patienten mit Major Depression an insgesamt 509 Patienten erprobt. Hiervon wurden 436 Patienten in die Studie eingeschlossen. Hierauf erfolgte die Überprüfung der psychometrischen Eigenschaften. Die statistischen Messergebnisse, hinsichtlich innerer Konsistenz (Cronbach´s α) und Trennschärfe (korrigierte Item-Skala-Korrelation), ergaben gute und mit der aktuellen Literatur übereinstimmende Resultate. Die konvergente Validität des PACIC-5A wurde anhand des primärmedizinisch validen Fragebogens EUROPEP (European Project on Patient Evaluation of General Practice Care) geprüft. Das Ergebnis zeigte hohe Korrelationen vor allem in den inhaltlich vergleichbaren Skalen, wie z.B. Skala „Patientenaktivierung“ aus dem PACIC-5A und Skala „Information und Unterstützung“ des EUROPEP. Die diskriminierenden Fähigkeiten des Fragebogens wurden durch die geringen korrelativen Eigenschaften mit Skalen des EUROPEP, welche andere Dimensionen erörtern, nachgewiesen. Zusätzlich ermöglichte der Vergleich der Mittelwerte der einzelnen Skalen des PACIC-5A zwischen dem Kontroll- und Interventionsarm eine zusätzliche Beurteilung der diskriminierenden Potenz. Das PACIC-5A ist bis jetzt vorrangig an Patienten mit chronischen Erkrankungen aus dem organischen Formenkreis (z.B. Osteoarthritis, Diabetes Mellitus) angewendet und validiert worden. Die kongruente Anwendung des PACIC-5A auf Erkrankte mit Major Depression ist ein limitierender Aspekt. Hier besteht weiterer Forschungsbedarf. Für eine optimale Patientenversorgung in der Primärmedizin ist es essentiell, primärmedizinisch valide Instrumente den Hausärzten zur Verfügung zu stellen.
Background: The pro-inflammatory status of the elderly triggers most of the age-related diseases such as cancer and atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis, the leading cause world wide of morbidity and death, is an inflammatory disease influenced by life-style and genetic host factors. Stimuli such as oxLDL or microbial ligands have been proposed to trigger inflammation leading to atherosclerosis. It has recently been shown that oxLDL activates immune cells via the Toll-like receptor (TLR) 4/6 complex. Several common single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the TLR system have been associated with atherosclerosis. To investigate the role of TLR-6 we analyzed the association of the TLR-6 SNP Pro249Ser with atherogenesis.
Results: Genotyping of two independent groups with CAD, as well as of healthy controls revealed a significant association of the homozygous genotype with a reduced risk for atherosclerosis (odds ratio: 0.69, 95% CI 0.51-0.95, P = 0.02). In addition, we found a trend towards an association with the risk of restenosis after transluminal coronary angioplasty (odds ratio: 0.53, 95% CI 0.24-1.16, P = 0.12). In addition, first evidence is presented that the frequency of this protective genotype increases in a healthy population with age. Taken together, our results define a role for TLR-6 and its genetic variations in modulating the inflammatory response leading to atherosclerosis.
Conclusions: These results may lead to a better risk stratification, and potentially to an improved prophylactic treatment of high-risk populations. Furthermore, the protective effect of this polymorphism may lead to an increase of this genotype in the healthy elderly and may therefore be a novel genetic marker for the well-being during aging.
Background: Misconceptions about ADHD stigmatize affected people, reduce credibility of providers, and prevent/delay treatment. To challenge misconceptions, we curated findings with strong evidence base. Methods: We reviewed studies with more than 2000 participants or meta-analyses from five or more studies or 2000 or more participants. We excluded meta-analyses that did not assess publication bias, except for meta-analyses of prevalence. For network meta-analyses we required comparison adjusted funnel plots. We excluded treatment studies with waiting-list or treatment as usual controls. From this literature, we extracted evidence-based assertions about the disorder. Results: We generated 208 empirically supported statements about ADHD. The status of the included statements as empirically supported is approved by 80 authors from 27 countries and 6 continents. The contents of the manuscript are endorsed by 366 people who have read this document and agree with its contents. Conclusions: Many findings in ADHD are supported by meta-analysis. These allow for firm statements about the nature, course, outcome causes, and treatments for disorders that are useful for reducing misconceptions and stigma.
No association between Parkinson disease and autoantibodies against NMDA-type glutamate receptors
(2019)
Background: IgG-class autoantibodies to N-Methyl-D-Aspartate (NMDA)-type glutamate receptors define a novel entity of autoimmune encephalitis. Studies examining the prevalence of NMDA IgA/IgM antibodies in patients with Parkinson disease with/without dementia produced conflicting results. We measured NMDA antibodies in a large, well phenotyped sample of Parkinson patients without and with cognitive impairment (n = 296) and controls (n = 295) free of neuropsychiatric disease. Detailed phenotyping and large numbers allowed statistically meaningful correlation of antibody status with diagnostic subgroups as well as quantitative indicators of disease severity and cognitive impairment.
Methods: NMDA antibodies were analysed in the serum of patients and controls using well established validated assays. We used anti-NMDA antibody positivity as the main independent variable and correlated it with disease status and phenotypic characteristics.
Results: The frequency of NMDA IgA/IgM antibodies was lower in Parkinson patients (13%) than in controls (22%) and higher than in previous studies in both groups. NMDA IgA/IgM antibodies were neither significantly associated with diagnostic subclasses of Parkinson disease according to cognitive impairment, nor with quantitative indicators of disease severity and cognitive impairment. A positive NMDA antibody status was positively correlated with age in controls but not in Parkinson patients.
Conclusion: It is unlikely albeit not impossible that NMDA antibodies play a significant role in the pathogenesis or progression of Parkinson disease e.g. to Parkinson disease with dementia, while NMDA IgG antibodies define a separate disease of its own.
Mapping cortical brain asymmetry in 17,141 healthy individuals worldwide via the ENIGMA Consortium
(2017)
Genetic generalised epilepsy (GGE) is the most common form of genetic epilepsy, accounting for 20% of all epilepsies. Genomic copy number variations (CNVs) constitute important genetic risk factors of common GGE syndromes. In our present genome-wide burden analysis, large (≥ 400 kb) and rare (< 1%) autosomal microdeletions with high calling confidence (≥ 200 markers) were assessed by the Affymetrix SNP 6.0 array in European case-control cohorts of 1,366 GGE patients and 5,234 ancestry-matched controls. We aimed to: 1) assess the microdeletion burden in common GGE syndromes, 2) estimate the relative contribution of recurrent microdeletions at genomic rearrangement hotspots and non-recurrent microdeletions, and 3) identify potential candidate genes for GGE. We found a significant excess of microdeletions in 7.3% of GGE patients compared to 4.0% in controls (P = 1.8 x 10-7; OR = 1.9). Recurrent microdeletions at seven known genomic hotspots accounted for 36.9% of all microdeletions identified in the GGE cohort and showed a 7.5-fold increased burden (P = 2.6 x 10-17) relative to controls. Microdeletions affecting either a gene previously implicated in neurodevelopmental disorders (P = 8.0 x 10-18, OR = 4.6) or an evolutionarily conserved brain-expressed gene related to autism spectrum disorder (P = 1.3 x 10-12, OR = 4.1) were significantly enriched in the GGE patients. Microdeletions found only in GGE patients harboured a high proportion of genes previously associated with epilepsy and neuropsychiatric disorders (NRXN1, RBFOX1, PCDH7, KCNA2, EPM2A, RORB, PLCB1). Our results demonstrate that the significantly increased burden of large and rare microdeletions in GGE patients is largely confined to recurrent hotspot microdeletions and microdeletions affecting neurodevelopmental genes, suggesting a strong impact of fundamental neurodevelopmental processes in the pathogenesis of common GGE syndromes.