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Poster presentation: Purpose of the study The aim of the Rainbow Cohort is to assess the tolerability and efficacy of initiating treatment with, or switching treatment to the saquinavir (SQV) 500 mg film-coated tablet formulation. We present the final 48-week subgroup analysis of PI-experienced, but SQV-naïve patients. ...
Poster presentation: Purpose of the study The aim of the Rainbow Cohort is to assess the tolerability and efficacy of initiating treatment with, or switching treatment to saquinavir (SQV) 500 mg film-coated tablet formulation. We present the final 48-week subgroup analysis of antiretroviral therapy (ART)-naïve patients. ...
Poster presentation: Purpose of the study To compare the lipometabolic profiles of three double-boosted protease inhibitor (PI) regimens at standard dose, containing saquinavir and ritonavir in combination with lopinavir (LOPSAQ), atazanavir (ATSAQ) or fosamprenavir (FOSAQ) in HIV-positive patients, treated without reverse transcriptase inhibitors (RTI). ...
Poster presentation: Purpose of the study To compare the virological, immunological and clinical response to three boosted double protease inhibitor (PI) regimens of saquinavir and ritonavir in combination with lopinavir (LOPSAQ), atazanavir (ATSAQ) or fosamprenavir (FOSAQ) without reverse transcriptase inhibitors (RTI) in HIV-positive patients with limited RTI treatment options. ...
Das Ziel dieser Arbeit ist eine Darstellung der Etablierung des Films im Bereich der Medizin auf Universitätsebene am Beispiel von Prof. Karl Kleist, Leiter der Psychiatrie in Frankfurt am Main von 1920 bis 1950. Als Primärquellen wurden Akten, Briefe und Filme der Frankfurter Psychiatrie aus der damaligen Zeit gesichtet und ausgewertet. Zusammen mit den Sekundärquellen über Kleist und der Darstellung der politischen Rahmenbedingungen in diesem Zeitraum bildet dies die Grundlage der hier vorliegenden Arbeit. Kleist wurde am 31.Januar 1879 in Mühlhausen im Elsass geboren. Nach dem Medizinstudium in Straßburg, Heidelberg, Berlin und München begann er seine Arbeit 1903 als Assistenzarzt in Halle. Hier lernte er Carl Wernicke kennen, der ihn in seinem weiteren wissenschaftlichen Denken und Vorgehen stark prägte. Es entstand eine neue wissenschaftliche Schule, später bekannt als Wernicke- Kleist- Leonhard- Schule. Nach seiner fünfjährigen Assistenzarztzeit in Halle arbeitete er vorübergehend an Edingers Neurologischem Institut in Frankfurt am Main und im hirnpathologischanatomischen Laboratorium Alzheimers in München innerhalb der Klinik von Emil Kraepelin. Danach wechselte er als Oberarzt an die Nervenklinik in Erlangen, wo er bis 1914 arbeitete. Während des ersten Weltkrieges wurde er in einem Kriegslazarett eingesetzt. Dort sammelte er viele Erfahrungen mit Hirnverletzten. 1916 wurde er Direktor der Psychiatrie in Rostock. 1920 folgte er einem Ruf nach Frankfurt am Main. Kleist wurde Leiter der Städtischen und Universitätsklinik für Gemüts- und Nervenkranke in Frankfurt am Main. Auch nach seiner Emeritierung 1950 war er dort weiter wissenschaftlich tätig. Während der Zeit in Frankfurt am Main förderte er den Film als Lehr- und Forschungsmittel. Zu Beginn wurde er von privaten Stiftungen gefördert, später baute er einen Kontakt zum Medizinisch-Kinematographischen Universitätsinstitut in Berlin auf. Dieses arbeitete eng mit dem Verlag Wissenschaftlicher Filme zusammen. Mit Hilfe dieses Verlages stellte er viele Filme her; als Gegenleistung bekam der Verlag unter anderem die Negative seiner Aufnahmen. Nach dem Konkurs des Verlages kaufte die Deutsche Gesellschaft für wissenschaftliche Filme einen Großteil der Konkursmasse und damit auch Kleists Filme auf. Aufgrund der wirtschaftlichen Verhältnisse konnte das Unternehmen jedoch nicht florieren. Kleist wollte seine aufgenommenen Filme aber wissenschaftlich nutzbar machen und ein umfassendes Archiv von psychiatrischen und neurologischen Filmen erstellen. Kaufen konnte er das Material aufgrund mangelnder finanzieller Möglichkeiten nicht. Er schaffte es allerdings, seine Filme bei der Deutschen Gesellschaft für wissenschaftliche Filme zu vereinen und sie teilweise wissenschaftlich zu nutzen. Bald darauf wurden diese Bestände jedoch von der neu gegründeten Reichsstelle für den Unterrichtsfilm übernommen. Einerseits entsprach diese Zentralisierung Kleists Vorstellungen in Bezug auf eine bessere Übersicht und Nutzung der Filme seines Fachgebietes, andererseits stellte er aber ein fragwürdiges wissenschaftliches Interesse der Reichsstelle für den Unterrichtsfilm fest. Nach dem Krieg erlangte er über viele Umwege den Großteil seiner Filme zurück. Darunter befand sich der in dieser Arbeit exemplarisch analysierte Katatoniefilm. Die Fertigstellung der Filme benötigte damals oft Jahre. Wissenschaftliche Filme mit einer Länge von 15-20 Minuten mit mehreren Sequenzen benötigten bis zur Fertigstellung teilweise über zehn Jahre. Die Gründe hierfür waren vielschichtig. Abgesehen von den technischen Problemen waren Aufnahmen aufwändig und teuer. In die Planung mussten sehr viele Ressourcen investiert werden. Patienten mit seltenen Krankheiten waren für Aufnahmen nicht immer verfügbar und die wirtschaftlichen und politischen Gegebenheiten wie Wirtschaftsdepression und Krieg verminderten die Realisationschancen. Trotz dieser widrigen Umstände schaffte es Kleist eine beachtliche Anzahl an Filmen herzustellen und das Filmwesen zu fördern. Prof. Karl Kleist war ein Gründer des psychiatrischen und neurologischen Films. Er hatte das große Ganze im Blick und strebte stets danach seine Ideale auch im Detail zu verwirklichen.
Background: 15-20% of all patients initially diagnosed with colorectal cancer develop metastatic disease and surgical resection remains the only potentially curative treatment available. Current 5-year survival following R0-resection of liver metastases is 28-39%, but recurrence eventually occurs in up to 70%. To date, adjuvant chemotherapy has not improved clinical outcomes significantly. The primary objective of the ongoing LICC trial (L-BLP25 In Colorectal Cancer) is to determine whether L-BLP25, an active cancer immunotherapy, extends recurrence-free survival (RFS) time over placebo in colorectal cancer patients following R0/R1 resection of hepatic metastases. L-BLP25 targets MUC1 glycoprotein, which is highly expressed in hepatic metastases from colorectal cancer. In a phase IIB trial, L-BLP25 has shown acceptable tolerability and a trend towards longer survival in patients with stage IIIB locoregional NSCLC.
Methods: This is a multinational, phase II, multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial with a sample size of 159 patients from 20 centers in 3 countries. Patients with stage IV colorectal adenocarcinoma limited to liver metastases are included. Following curative-intent complete resection of the primary tumor and of all synchronous/metachronous metastases, eligible patients are randomized 2:1 to receive either L-BLP25 or placebo. Those allocated to L-BLP25 receive a single dose of 300 mg/m2 cyclophosphamide (CP) 3 days before first L-BLP25 dose, then primary treatment with s.c. L-BLP25 930 mug once weekly for 8 weeks, followed by s.c. L-BLP25 930 mug maintenance doses at 6-week (years 1&2) and 12-week (year 3) intervals unless recurrence occurs. In the control arm, CP is replaced by saline solution and L-BLP25 by placebo. Primary endpoint is the comparison of recurrence-free survival (RFS) time between groups. Secondary endpoints are overall survival (OS) time, safety, tolerability, RFS/OS in MUC-1 positive cancers. Exploratory immune response analyses are planned. The primary endpoint will be assessed in Q3 2016. Follow-up will end Q3 2017. Interim analyses are not planned.
Discussion: The design and implementation of such a vaccination study in colorectal cancer is feasible. The study will provide recurrence-free and overall survival rates of groups in an unbiased fashion. Trial Registration EudraCT Number 2011-000218-20
Background: Chronic renal disease is a serious complication of long-term intravenous drug use (IVDU). Recent reports have postulated a changing pattern of underlying nephropathy over the last decades.
Methods: Retrospective investigation including all patients with prior or present IVDU that underwent renal biopsy because of chronic kidney disease between 01.04.2002 and 31.03.2012 in the city of Frankfurt/Main, Germany.
Results: Twenty four patients with IVDU underwent renal biopsy because of progressive chronic kidney disease or proteinuria. Renal AA-amyloidosis was the predominant cause of renal failure in 50% of patients. Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis (GN) was the second most common cause found in 21%. Patients with AA-amyloidosis were more likely to be HIV infected (67 vs.17%; p=0.036) and tended to have a higher rate of repeated systemic infections (92 vs. 50%; p=0.069). Patients with AA-amyloidosis presented with progressive renal disease and nephrotic-range proteinuria but most patients had no peripheral edema or systemic hypertension. Development of proteinuria preceded the decline of GFR for approximately 1--2 years.
Conclusions: AA-amyloidosis was the predominant cause of progressive renal disease in the last 10 years in patients with IVDU. The highest rate of AA-amyloidosis observed was seen in HIV infected patients with IVDU. We speculate that chronic HIV-infection as well as the associated immunosuppression might promote development of AA-amyloidosis by increasing frequency and duration of infections acquired by IVDU.
Background: To perform a comprehensive study on the relationship between vitamin D metabolism and the response to interferon-α-based therapy of chronic hepatitis C.
Methodology/Principal Findings: Associations between a functionally relevant polymorphism in the gene encoding the vitamin D 1α-hydroxylase (CYP27B1-1260 rs10877012) and the response to treatment with pegylated interferon-α (PEG-IFN-α) and ribavirin were determined in 701 patients with chronic hepatitis C. In addition, associations between serum concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (25[OH]D3) and treatment outcome were analysed. CYP27B1-1260 rs10877012 was found to be an independent predictor of sustained virologic response (SVR) in patients with poor-response IL28B genotypes (15% difference in SVR for rs10877012 genotype AA vs. CC, p = 0.02, OR = 1.52, 95% CI = 1.061–2.188), but not in patients with favourable IL28B genotype. Patients with chronic hepatitis C showed a high prevalence of vitamin D insufficiency (25[OH]D3<20 ng/mL) during all seasons, but 25(OH)D3 serum levels were not associated with treatment outcome.
Conclusions/Significance: Our study suggests a role of bioactive vitamin D (1,25[OH]2D3, calcitriol) in the response to treatment of chronic hepatitis C. However, serum concentration of the calcitriol precursor 25(OH)D3 is not a suitable predictor of treatment outcome.
Biomarkers and bacterial pneumonia risk in patients with treated HIV infection: a case-control study
(2013)
Background: Despite advances in HIV treatment, bacterial pneumonia continues to cause considerable morbidity and mortality in patients with HIV infection. Studies of biomarker associations with bacterial pneumonia risk in treated HIV-infected patients do not currently exist.
Methods: We performed a nested, matched, case-control study among participants randomized to continuous combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) in the Strategies for Management of Antiretroviral Therapy trial. Patients who developed bacterial pneumonia (cases) and patients without bacterial pneumonia (controls) were matched 1:1 on clinical center, smoking status, age, and baseline cART use. Baseline levels of Club Cell Secretory Protein 16 (CC16), Surfactant Protein D (SP-D), C-reactive protein (hsCRP), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and d-dimer were compared between cases and controls.
Results: Cases (n = 72) and controls (n = 72) were 25.7% female, 51.4% black, 65.3% current smokers, 9.7% diabetic, 36.1% co-infected with Hepatitis B/C, and 75.0% were on cART at baseline. Median (IQR) age was 45 (41, 51) years with CD4+ count of 553 (436, 690) cells/mm3. Baseline CC16 and SP-D were similar between cases and controls, but hsCRP was significantly higher in cases than controls (2.94 µg/mL in cases vs. 1.93 µg/mL in controls; p = 0.02). IL-6 and d-dimer levels were also higher in cases compared to controls, though differences were not statistically significant (p-value 0.06 and 0.10, respectively).
Conclusions: In patients with cART-treated HIV infection, higher levels of systemic inflammatory markers were associated with increased bacterial pneumonia risk, while two pulmonary-specific inflammatory biomarkers, CC16 and SP-D, were not associated with bacterial pneumonia risk.
Background: Hepatitis B coinfection is common in HIV-positive individuals and as antiretroviral therapy has made death due to AIDS less common, hepatitis has become increasingly important. Several drugs are available to treat hepatitis B. The most potent and the one with the lowest risk of resistance appears to be tenofovir (TDF). However there are several questions that remain unanswered regarding the use of TDF, including the proportion of patients that achieves suppression of HBV viral load and over what time, whether suppression is durable and whether prior treatment with other HBV-active drugs such as lamivudine, compromises the efficacy of TDF due to possible selection of resistant HBV strains.
Methods: A systematic review and meta-analysis following PRISMA guidelines and using multilevel mixed effects logistic regression, stratified by prior and/or concomitant use of lamivudine and/or emtricitabine.
Results: Data was available from 23 studies including 550 HBV/HIV coinfected patients treated with TDF. Follow up was for up to seven years but to ensure sufficient power the data analyses were limited to three years. The overall proportion achieving suppression of HBV replication was 57.4%, 79.0% and 85.6% at one, two and three years, respectively. No effect of prior or concomitant 3TC/FTC was shown. Virological rebound on TDF treatment was rare.
Interpretation: TDF suppresses HBV to undetectable levels in the majority of HBV/HIV coinfected patients with the proportion fully suppressed continuing to increase during continuous treatment. Prior treatment with 3TC/FTC does not compromise efficacy of TDF treatment. The use of combination treatment with 3TC/FTC offers no significant benefit over TDF alone.