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In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde ein durch Zellschrumpfung aktivierter nichtselektiver Kationenkanal, der in der M1 Sammelrohrzellinie der Maus bereits früher beobachtet worden war [Volk et al., 1995], hinsichtlich seiner Selektivität, seines Inhibitorspektrums und seines Aktivierungsmechanismus mittels der Patch ClampTechnik näher charakterisiert, und es wurde geprüft, ob dieser oder ein ähnlicher Kanal auch von anderen Zellinien exprimiert wird, wobei außer epithelialen Zellinien (HT 29 , BSC1) auch solche aus Muskel (A10) und Ner vengewebe (Neuro2a) untersucht wurden. Zellschrumpfung in symmetrischer NaClLösung mit Zusatz von 100 mM Saccharose im Bad stimulierte einen von Kationen getragenen Einwärtsstrom. Während der initialen Phase der Aktivierung durch extrazelluläre Hyperosmolarität konnten Schaltvorgänge von Einzelka nälen beobachtet werden. Die Einzelkanalleitfähigkeit in den verschiedenen Zellinien betrug 15 bis 27 pS. Der Strom stieg nach wenigen Minuten um das 30 bis 60fache an. Austausch des extrazellulären Natriums durch das schlecht permeierende NMDG führte zum kompletten Sistieren des Einwärtsstroms. Die Aktivierung des nichtselektiven Kationenstroms war unab hängig von der absoluten Osmolarität der Badlösung. Sie wurde ausschließlich durch osmo tisch bedingte Volumenabnahme (Schrumpfung) der Zellen hervorgerufen, wobei die Zell schrumpfung der Aktivierung des Stroms geringgradig vorauseilte. Die Aktivierung durch Zellschrumpfung war reversibel und konnte mit dem gleichen Zeitverlauf und mit der glei chen Leitfähigkeitszunahme auch zweimal hintereinander ausgelöst werden. Die stimulierte Kationenleitfähigkeit war hochselektiv für Kationen über Anionen, aber nichtselektiv für die monovalenten Kationen NH 4 , Natrium, Kalium und Lithium (Leitfähig keitssequenz NH 4 > Na > K > Li ). Für divalente Kationen wie Kalzium und Barium war keine Leitfähigkeit meßbar. Flufenaminsäure (100 µM) hemmte den stimulierten Einwärts strom um mehr als 80 %, Diphenylamin2Carboxylsäure (DPC) und sein Derivat Dichlor DPC (DCDPC) hatten einen etwas geringeren Hemmeffekt. Noch schwächer hemmte LOE 908. Amilorid, Quecksilber und Bumetanid hatten praktisch keine Hemmwirkung auf den stimulierten Einwärtsstrom. Maitotoxin, ein Aktivator mancher nichtselektiver Kationenka näle, hatte unter isoomotischen Bedingungen keine stimulatorische Wirkung auf den Strom. Im Gegensatz zum Ca 2 aktivierten nichtselektiven Kationenkanal, der in exzidierten Membranflecken beobachtet wird, war die Aktivierung des schrumpfungsinduzierten nicht selektiven Kationenkanals unabhängig von der zytoplasmatischen Ca 2 Konzentration. Das Ausmaß der Stimulation war allerdings vermindert, wenn die Pipettenlösung hohe Konzen trationen von Kalziumchelatoren (10 mM EGTA oder 10 mM BAPTA) enthielt. Dagegen hemmte Magnesiumentzug die Antwort auf Zellschrumpfung fast vollständig. ATP in Kon zentrationen bis 10 mM in der Pipettenlösung konnte die Aktivierung des Einwärtsstroms nicht verhindern, nur reduzieren. Dagegen unterdrückte ATPVerarmung der Zellen (durch Inkubation mit Rotenon und 2Deoxyglukose) die Antwort auf Zellschrumpfung völlig. Auch durch Zusatz von 1 mM ATP zur Pipettenlösung konnte die Antwort in ATPverarmten Zel len nicht wiedergewonnen werden, obwohl die Zellen nach Auswaschen der Stoffwechsel gifte wieder normal reagierten. Die Proteinkinasehemmstoffe Staurosporin und Calphostin C (beide in der Konzentration von 1 µM) konnten die Antwort unterdrücken. Einige auf das Zytoskelett wirksame Substanzen (Cytochalasin D und Taxol) hatten ebenfalls hemmende Wirkungen. Die Befunde der vorliegenden Arbeit zeigen, daß der schrumpfungsaktivierte nichtselekti ve Kationenkanal offenbar ubiquitär exprimiert wird. Der Aktivierungsmechanismus ist kom plex und abhängig von intrazellulärem ATP und Magnesium. Vermutlich sind Proteinkinasen und Zytoskelettelemente an der Kanalaktivierung beteiligt. Der Kanal dürfte im Rahmen der Zellvolumenregulation von Bedeutung sein und spielt möglicherweise eine Rolle für Zellpro liferation und Apoptose.
The first measurement of two-pion Bose–Einstein correlations in central Pb–Pb collisions at √sNN=2.76 TeV at the Large Hadron Collider is presented. We observe a growing trend with energy now not only for the longitudinal and the outward but also for the sideward pion source radius. The pion homogeneity volume and the decoupling time are significantly larger than those measured at RHIC.
The inclusive charged particle transverse momentum distribution is measured in proton–proton collisions at s=900 GeV at the LHC using the ALICE detector. The measurement is performed in the central pseudorapidity region (|η|<0.8) over the transverse momentum range 0.15<pT<10 GeV/c. The correlation between transverse momentum and particle multiplicity is also studied. Results are presented for inelastic (INEL) and non-single-diffractive (NSD) events. The average transverse momentum for |η|<0.8 is 〈pT〉INEL=0.483±0.001 (stat.)±0.007 (syst.) GeV/c and 〈pT〉NSD=0.489±0.001 (stat.)±0.007 (syst.) GeV/c, respectively. The data exhibit a slightly larger 〈pT〉 than measurements in wider pseudorapidity intervals. The results are compared to simulations with the Monte Carlo event generators PYTHIA and PHOJET.
Reconsiderando a tripartição coseriana do linguístico (em um nível universal, do falar em geral; um histórico, das línguas particulares; um individual, dos discursos produzidos em situações específicas), o romanista alemão Peter Koch propõe o acréscimo, no nível histórico, duma historicidade dos textos ou das tradições discursivas, constituindo regras distintas das regras da língua. Neste estudo programático de 1997, publicado na série "ScriptOralia" da editora Narr (Tübingen, Alemanha), o autor define o conceito de tradição discursiva; delimita seu campo teórico, postulando quatro campos linguísticos, referentemente, a atividade do falar (universal), as línguas particulares (histórico), as regras do discurso ou tradições discursivas (histórico) e o discurso (individual); discute ainda suas implicações para as fronteiras entre Linguística Textual e Linguística Variacional, universais da comunicação e gêneros textuais e intertextualidade e interdiscursividade; ademais, apresenta seu proveito para a Literatura e Linguística, os estudos de oralidade e história da língua. Por fim, descreve a dinâmica de sua formação e transformação pelos processos de diferenciação, mistura, convergência e desaparecimento. O objetivo da presente tradução é tornar acessível ao público brasileiro esta obra de referência sobre a noção de tradição discursiva, que exerce decisiva influência tanto na Romanística alemã quanto em recentes pesquisas históricas do Português Brasileiro.
THE FINANCIAL INDUSTRY HAS EXPERIENCED A CONTINUOUS EVOLUTION IN SERVICE DELIVERY DUE TO DIGITALIZATION. THIS CHANGE MANIFESTS ITSELF IN EXPANDED CONNECTIVITY, ENHANCED SPEED OF INFORMATION PROCESSING, A MULTITUDE OF NEW FINANCIAL PRODUCTS, AND NOVEL FORMS OF CUSTOMER INTERACTION. AGAINST THIS BACKDROP, ACADEMIC RESEARCH HAS ANALYZED THE IMPACT OF DIGITALPROGRESS IN THE FINANCIAL SECTOR. IN ORDER TO PROVIDE AN OVERVIEW ON THIS RESEARCH AND TO IDENTIFY POSSIBLE GAPS, WE HAVE REVIEWED THE RELEVANT LITERATURE IN THIS FIELD APPLYING A SYSTEMATIC AND COMPREHENSIVE SEARCH.
With the rise of the knowledge for development paradigm, expert advice has become a prime instrument of foreign aid. At the same time, it has been object of repeated criticism: the chronic failure of technical assistance a notion under which advice is commonly subsumed has been documented in a host of studies. Nonetheless, international organisations continue to send advisors, promising to increase the effectiveness of expert support if their technocratic recommendations are taken up. This book reveals fundamental problems of expert advice in the context of aid that concern issues of power and legitimacy rather than merely flaws of implementation. Based on empirical evidence from South Africa and Tanzania, the authors show that aid-related advisory processes are inevitably obstructed by colliding interests, political pressures and hierarchical relations that impede knowledge transfer and mutual learning. As a result, recipient governments find themselves caught in a perpetual cycle of dependency, continuously advised by experts who convey the shifting paradigms and agendas of their respective donor governments. For young democracies, the persistent presence of external actors is hazardous: ultimately, it poses a threat to the legitimacy of their governments if their policy-making becomes more responsive to foreign demands than to the preferences and needs of their citizens.
Inclusive transverse momentum spectra of primary charged particles in Pb–Pb collisions at √sNN=2.76 TeV have been measured by the ALICE Collaboration at the LHC. The data are presented for central and peripheral collisions, corresponding to 0–5% and 70–80% of the hadronic Pb–Pb cross section. The measured charged particle spectra in |η|<0.8 and 0.3<pT<20 GeV/c are compared to the expectation in pp collisions at the same sNN, scaled by the number of underlying nucleon–nucleon collisions. The comparison is expressed in terms of the nuclear modification factor RAA. The result indicates only weak medium effects (RAA≈0.7) in peripheral collisions. In central collisions, RAA reaches a minimum of about 0.14 at pT=6–7 GeV/c and increases significantly at larger pT. The measured suppression of high-pT particles is stronger than that observed at lower collision energies, indicating that a very dense medium is formed in central Pb–Pb collisions at the LHC.
Background: Numerous cases of swine-origin 2009 H1N1 influenza A virus (H1N1)-associated acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) bridged by extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) therapy have been reported; however, complication rates are high. We present our experience with H1N1-associated ARDS and successful bridging of lung function using superimposed high-frequency jet ventilation (SHFJV) in combination with continuous positive airway pressure/assisted spontaneous breathing (CPAP/ASB).
Methods: We admitted five patients with H1N1 infection and ARDS to our intensive care unit. Although all patients required pure oxygen and controlled ventilation, oxygenation was insufficient. We applied SHFJV/CPAP/ASB to improve oxygenation.
Results: Initial PaO2/FiO2 ratio prior SHFJV was 58-79 mmHg. In all patients, successful oxygenation was achieved by SHFJV (PaO2/FiO2 ratio 105-306 mmHg within 24 h). Spontaneous breathing was set during first hours after admission. SHFJV could be stopped after 39, 40, 72, 100, or 240 h. Concomitant pulmonary herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection was observed in all patients. Two patients were successfully discharged. The other three patients relapsed and died within 7 weeks mainly due to combined HSV infection and in two cases reoccurring H1N1 infection.
Conclusions: SHFJV represents an alternative to bridge lung function successfully and improve oxygenation in the critically ill.
Using data samples collected with the BESIII detector operating at the BEPCII storage ring at center-of-mass energies from 4.178 to 4.600 GeV, we study the process eþe− → π0Xð3872Þγ and search for Zcð4020Þ0 → Xð3872Þγ. We find no significant signal and set upper limits on σðeþe− → π0Xð3872ÞγÞ · BðXð3872Þ → πþπ−J=ψÞ and σðeþe− → π0Zcð4020Þ0Þ · BðZcð4020Þ0 → Xð3872ÞγÞ · BðXð3872Þ → πþπ−J=ψÞ for each energy point at 90% confidence level, which is of the order of several tenths pb.