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We present a mechanism for the separation of strangeness from antistrangeness in the deconfinement transition. For a net strangeness of zero in the total system, the population of s quarks is greatly enriched in the quark-gluon plasma, while the s¯ quarks drift into the hadronic phase. This separation could result in ‘‘strangelet’’ formation, i.e., metastable blobs of strange-quark matter, which could serve as a unique signature for quark-gluon plasma formation in heavy-ion collisions. PACS: 25.70.Np, 12.38.Mh
We demonstrate that strangeness separates in the Gibbs-phase coexistence between a baryon-rich quark-gluon plasma and hadron matter, even at T=0. For finite temperatures this is due to the associated production of kaons (containing s¯ quarks) in the hadron phase while s quarks remain in the deconfined phase. The s-s¯ separation results in a strong enhancement of the s-quark abundance in the quark phase. This mechanism is further supported by cooling and net strangeness enrichment due to the prefreezeout evaporation of pions and K+, K0, which carry away entropy and anti- strangeness from the system. Metastable droplets (i.e., stable as far as weak interactions are not regarded) of strange-quark matter (‘‘strangelets’’) can thus be formed during the phase transition. Such cool, compact, long-lived clusters could be experimentally observed by their unusually small Z/A ratio (≤0.1–0.3). Even if the strange-quark-matter phase is not stable under strong interactions, it should be observable by the delayed correlated emission of several hyperons. This would serve as a unique signature for the transient formation of a quark-gluon plasma.
In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde ein durch Zellschrumpfung aktivierter nichtselektiver Kationenkanal, der in der M1 Sammelrohrzellinie der Maus bereits früher beobachtet worden war [Volk et al., 1995], hinsichtlich seiner Selektivität, seines Inhibitorspektrums und seines Aktivierungsmechanismus mittels der Patch ClampTechnik näher charakterisiert, und es wurde geprüft, ob dieser oder ein ähnlicher Kanal auch von anderen Zellinien exprimiert wird, wobei außer epithelialen Zellinien (HT 29 , BSC1) auch solche aus Muskel (A10) und Ner vengewebe (Neuro2a) untersucht wurden. Zellschrumpfung in symmetrischer NaClLösung mit Zusatz von 100 mM Saccharose im Bad stimulierte einen von Kationen getragenen Einwärtsstrom. Während der initialen Phase der Aktivierung durch extrazelluläre Hyperosmolarität konnten Schaltvorgänge von Einzelka nälen beobachtet werden. Die Einzelkanalleitfähigkeit in den verschiedenen Zellinien betrug 15 bis 27 pS. Der Strom stieg nach wenigen Minuten um das 30 bis 60fache an. Austausch des extrazellulären Natriums durch das schlecht permeierende NMDG führte zum kompletten Sistieren des Einwärtsstroms. Die Aktivierung des nichtselektiven Kationenstroms war unab hängig von der absoluten Osmolarität der Badlösung. Sie wurde ausschließlich durch osmo tisch bedingte Volumenabnahme (Schrumpfung) der Zellen hervorgerufen, wobei die Zell schrumpfung der Aktivierung des Stroms geringgradig vorauseilte. Die Aktivierung durch Zellschrumpfung war reversibel und konnte mit dem gleichen Zeitverlauf und mit der glei chen Leitfähigkeitszunahme auch zweimal hintereinander ausgelöst werden. Die stimulierte Kationenleitfähigkeit war hochselektiv für Kationen über Anionen, aber nichtselektiv für die monovalenten Kationen NH 4 , Natrium, Kalium und Lithium (Leitfähig keitssequenz NH 4 > Na > K > Li ). Für divalente Kationen wie Kalzium und Barium war keine Leitfähigkeit meßbar. Flufenaminsäure (100 µM) hemmte den stimulierten Einwärts strom um mehr als 80 %, Diphenylamin2Carboxylsäure (DPC) und sein Derivat Dichlor DPC (DCDPC) hatten einen etwas geringeren Hemmeffekt. Noch schwächer hemmte LOE 908. Amilorid, Quecksilber und Bumetanid hatten praktisch keine Hemmwirkung auf den stimulierten Einwärtsstrom. Maitotoxin, ein Aktivator mancher nichtselektiver Kationenka näle, hatte unter isoomotischen Bedingungen keine stimulatorische Wirkung auf den Strom. Im Gegensatz zum Ca 2 aktivierten nichtselektiven Kationenkanal, der in exzidierten Membranflecken beobachtet wird, war die Aktivierung des schrumpfungsinduzierten nicht selektiven Kationenkanals unabhängig von der zytoplasmatischen Ca 2 Konzentration. Das Ausmaß der Stimulation war allerdings vermindert, wenn die Pipettenlösung hohe Konzen trationen von Kalziumchelatoren (10 mM EGTA oder 10 mM BAPTA) enthielt. Dagegen hemmte Magnesiumentzug die Antwort auf Zellschrumpfung fast vollständig. ATP in Kon zentrationen bis 10 mM in der Pipettenlösung konnte die Aktivierung des Einwärtsstroms nicht verhindern, nur reduzieren. Dagegen unterdrückte ATPVerarmung der Zellen (durch Inkubation mit Rotenon und 2Deoxyglukose) die Antwort auf Zellschrumpfung völlig. Auch durch Zusatz von 1 mM ATP zur Pipettenlösung konnte die Antwort in ATPverarmten Zel len nicht wiedergewonnen werden, obwohl die Zellen nach Auswaschen der Stoffwechsel gifte wieder normal reagierten. Die Proteinkinasehemmstoffe Staurosporin und Calphostin C (beide in der Konzentration von 1 µM) konnten die Antwort unterdrücken. Einige auf das Zytoskelett wirksame Substanzen (Cytochalasin D und Taxol) hatten ebenfalls hemmende Wirkungen. Die Befunde der vorliegenden Arbeit zeigen, daß der schrumpfungsaktivierte nichtselekti ve Kationenkanal offenbar ubiquitär exprimiert wird. Der Aktivierungsmechanismus ist kom plex und abhängig von intrazellulärem ATP und Magnesium. Vermutlich sind Proteinkinasen und Zytoskelettelemente an der Kanalaktivierung beteiligt. Der Kanal dürfte im Rahmen der Zellvolumenregulation von Bedeutung sein und spielt möglicherweise eine Rolle für Zellpro liferation und Apoptose.
A scenario of heavy resonances, called massive Hagedorn states, is proposed which exhibits a fast (t H 1 fm/c) chemical equilibration of (strange) baryons and anti-baryons at the QCD critical temperature Tc. For relativistic heavy ion collisions this scenario predicts that hadronization is followed by a brief expansion phase during which the equilibration rate is higher than the expansion rate, so that baryons and antibaryons reach chemical equilibrium before chemical freeze-out occurs. PACS-Nr.: 12.38.Mh
It is investigated whether canonical suppression associated with the exact conservation of an U(1)-charge can be reproduced correctly by current transport models. Therefore a pion-gas having a volume-limited cross section for kaon production and annihilation is simulated within two different transport prescriptions for realizing the inelastic collisions. It is found that both models can indeed dynamically account for the canonical suppression in the yields of rare strange particles.
We demonstrate the occurrence of canonical suppression associated with the conservation of an U(1)-charge in current transport models. For this study a pion gas is simulated within two different transport approaches by incorporating inelastic and volume-limited collisions pi pi leftrightarrow K bar-K for the production of kaon pairs. Both descriptions can dynamically account for the suppression in the yields of rare strange particles in a limited box, being in full accordance with a canonical statistical description.
Introduction: It has been proposed that individual genetic variation contributes to the course of severe infections and sepsis. Recent studies of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within the endotoxin receptor and its signaling system showed an association with the risk of disease development. This study aims to examine the response associated with genetic variations of TLR4, the receptor for bacterial LPS, and a central intracellular signal transducer (TIRAP/Mal) on cytokine release and for susceptibility and course of severe hospital acquired infections in distinct patient populations. Methods: Three intensive care units in tertiary care university hospitals in Greece and Germany participated. 375 and 415 postoperative patients and 159 patients with ventilator associated pneumonia (VAP) were included. TLR4 and TIRAP/Mal polymorphisms in 375 general surgical patients were associated with risk of infection, clinical course and outcome. In two prospective studies, 415 patients following cardiac surgery and 159 patients with newly diagnosed VAP predominantly caused by Gram-negative bacteria were studied for cytokine levels in-vivo and after ex-vivo monocyte stimulation and clinical course. Results: Patients simultaneously carrying polymorphisms in TIRAP/Mal and TLR4 and patients homozygous for the TIRAP/Mal SNP had a significantly higher risk of severe infections after surgery (odds ratio (OR) 5.5; confidence interval (CI): 1.34 - 22.64; P = 0.02 and OR: 7.3; CI: 1.89 - 28.50; P < 0.01 respectively). Additionally we found significantly lower circulating cytokine levels in double-mutant individuals with ventilator associated pneumonia and reduced cytokine production in an ex-vivo monocyte stimulation assay, but this difference was not apparent in TIRAP/Mal-homozygous patients. In cardiac surgery patients without infection, the cytokine release profiles were not changed when comparing different genotypes. Conclusions: Carriers of mutations in sequential components of the TLR signaling system may have an increased risk for severe infections. Patients with this genotype showed a decrease in cytokine release when infected which was not apparent in patients with sterile inflammation following cardiac surgery.
The first measurement of two-pion Bose–Einstein correlations in central Pb–Pb collisions at √sNN=2.76 TeV at the Large Hadron Collider is presented. We observe a growing trend with energy now not only for the longitudinal and the outward but also for the sideward pion source radius. The pion homogeneity volume and the decoupling time are significantly larger than those measured at RHIC.
Inclusive transverse momentum spectra of primary charged particles in Pb–Pb collisions at √sNN=2.76 TeV have been measured by the ALICE Collaboration at the LHC. The data are presented for central and peripheral collisions, corresponding to 0–5% and 70–80% of the hadronic Pb–Pb cross section. The measured charged particle spectra in |η|<0.8 and 0.3<pT<20 GeV/c are compared to the expectation in pp collisions at the same sNN, scaled by the number of underlying nucleon–nucleon collisions. The comparison is expressed in terms of the nuclear modification factor RAA. The result indicates only weak medium effects (RAA≈0.7) in peripheral collisions. In central collisions, RAA reaches a minimum of about 0.14 at pT=6–7 GeV/c and increases significantly at larger pT. The measured suppression of high-pT particles is stronger than that observed at lower collision energies, indicating that a very dense medium is formed in central Pb–Pb collisions at the LHC.
The inclusive charged particle transverse momentum distribution is measured in proton–proton collisions at s=900 GeV at the LHC using the ALICE detector. The measurement is performed in the central pseudorapidity region (|η|<0.8) over the transverse momentum range 0.15<pT<10 GeV/c. The correlation between transverse momentum and particle multiplicity is also studied. Results are presented for inelastic (INEL) and non-single-diffractive (NSD) events. The average transverse momentum for |η|<0.8 is 〈pT〉INEL=0.483±0.001 (stat.)±0.007 (syst.) GeV/c and 〈pT〉NSD=0.489±0.001 (stat.)±0.007 (syst.) GeV/c, respectively. The data exhibit a slightly larger 〈pT〉 than measurements in wider pseudorapidity intervals. The results are compared to simulations with the Monte Carlo event generators PYTHIA and PHOJET.