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Study of exclusive one-pion and one-eta production using hadron and dielectron channels in pp reactions at kinetic beam energies of 1.25 GeV and 2.2 GeV with HADES
(2012)
- We present measurements of exclusive ensuremathπ+,0 and η production in pp reactions at 1.25GeV and 2.2GeV beam kinetic energy in hadron and dielectron channels. In the case of π+ and π0 , high-statistics invariant-mass and angular distributions are obtained within the HADES acceptance as well as acceptance-corrected distributions, which are compared to a resonance model. The sensitivity of the data to the yield and production angular distribution of Δ (1232) and higher-lying baryon resonances is shown, and an improved parameterization is proposed. The extracted cross-sections are of special interest in the case of pp → pp η , since controversial data exist at 2.0GeV; we find \ensuremathσ=0.142±0.022 mb. Using the dielectron channels, the π0 and η Dalitz decay signals are reconstructed with yields fully consistent with the hadronic channels. The electron invariant masses and acceptance-corrected helicity angle distributions are found in good agreement with model predictions.
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Kinetische Untersuchungen zur Aktivierung von N-Methyl-D-Aspartat-Rezeptoren
(2004)
- NMDA-Rezeptoren sind als ionotrope Glutamatrezeptoren (iGluRs) an der Signalübertragung durch den wichtigen Neurotransmitter L-Glutamat beteiligt. Vor allem aufgrund ihrer Bedeutung für das Phänomen der neuronalen Plastizität sind NMDA-Rezeptoren außerordentlich gründlich untersucht worden. Dennoch sind auch heute noch zentrale Fragen zu ihrer Funktionsweise ungeklärt, darunter auch diejenige, wie auf molekularer Ebene die Umsetzung der Glutamatbindung in die Öffnung des Ionenkanals erfolgt. Publizierte Kristallstrukturen der Liganden-bindungsdomänen zweier iGluRs haben die Grundlage für ein Modell der ligandeninduzierten und der Kanalöffnung vorausgehenden Vorgänge in der Bindungsdomäne geschaffen. Diesem zufolge schließt sich die aus zwei Teildomänen bestehende Bindungsdomäne venusfliegenfallenartig um den Liganden und die dabei entstehende mechanische Spannung führt zur Öffnung des Ionenkanals. Dieses Modell wurde in der vorliegenden Arbeit überprüft. Hierzu wurden verschiedene in der Ligandenbindungsdomäne punktmutierte NR1/NR2A-Rezeptoren heterolog in Säugerzellen exprimiert und durch Glutamat hervorgerufene Gesamtzellströme elektrophysiologisch gemessen. Mittels kinetischer Auswertung wurden dann Aminosäurereste in der Bindungsdomäne identifiziert, die einen Beitrag zur Kanalöffnung leisten. Die notwendige Schnelligkeit der Ligandenzugabe wurde dabei durch dessen photochemische Freisetzung aus einer maskierten und dadurch inaktiven Vorstufe (caged compound) erreicht. Die Ergebnisse bestätigen das Modell der Kopplung der Kanalöffnung an das Schließen der Bindungsdomäne und erweitern das Verständnis der genauen zeitlichen Abfolge der ligandeninduzierten Konformationsänderungen in der Bindungsdomäne. Intramolekulare Wechselwirkungen zwischen den Teildomänen S1 und S2 spielen demnach erst relativ spät im Aktivierungsprozeß eine Rolle und dienen vor allem der Stabilisierung des geschlossenen Zustandes der Bindungsdomäne und damit des offenen Ionenkanals.
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The German MultiCare-study : patterns of multimorbidity in primary health care - protocol of a prospective cohort study
(2009)
- Background Multimorbidity is a highly frequent condition in older people, but well designed longitudinal studies on the impact of multimorbidity on patients and the health care system have been remarkably scarce in numbers until today. Little is known about the long term impact of multimorbidity on the patients' life expectancy, functional status and quality of life as well as health care utilization over time. As a consequence, there is little help for GPs in adjusting care for these patients, even though studies suggest that adhering to present clinical practice guidelines in the care of patients with multimorbidity may have adverse effects. Methods The study is designed as a multicentre prospective, observational cohort study of 3.050 patients aged 65 to 85 at baseline with at least three different diagnoses out of a list of 29 illnesses and syndromes. The patients will be recruited in approx. 120 to 150 GP surgeries in 8 study centres distributed across Germany. Information about the patients' morbidity will be collected mainly in GP interviews and from chart reviews. Functional status, resources/risk factors, health care utilization and additional morbidity data will be assessed in patient interviews, in which a multitude of well established standardized questionnaires and tests will be performed. Discussion The main aim of the cohort study is to monitor the course of the illness process and to analyse for which reasons medical conditions are stable, deteriorating or only temporarily present. First, clusters of combinations of diseases/disorders (multimorbidity patterns) with a comparable impact (e.g. on quality of life and/or functional status) will be identified. Then the development of these clusters over time will be analysed, especially with regard to prognostic variables and the somatic, psychological and social consequences as well as the utilization of health care resources. The results will allow the development of an instrument for prediction of the deterioration of the illness process and point at possibilities of prevention. The practical consequences of the study results for primary care will be analysed in expert focus groups in order to develop strategies for the inclusion of the aspects of multimorbidity in primary care guidelines.
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TuLiPA : a syntax-semantics parsing environment for mildly context-sensitive formalisms
(2008)
- In this paper we present a parsing architecture that allows processing of different mildly context-sensitive formalisms, in particular Tree-Adjoining Grammar (TAG), Multi-Component Tree-Adjoining Grammar with Tree Tuples (TT-MCTAG) and simple Range Concatenation Grammar (RCG). Furthermore, for tree-based grammars, the parser computes not only syntactic analyses but also the corresponding semantic representations.
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Developing a TT-MCTAG for German with an RCG-based parser
(2008)
- Developing linguistic resources, in particular grammars, is known to be a complex task in itself, because of (amongst others) redundancy and consistency issues. Furthermore some languages can reveal themselves hard to describe because of specific characteristics, e.g. the free word order in German. In this context, we present (i) a framework allowing to describe tree-based grammars, and (ii) an actual fragment of a core multicomponent tree-adjoining grammar with tree tuples (TT-MCTAG) for German developed using this framework. This framework combines a metagrammar compiler and a parser based on range concatenation grammar (RCG) to respectively check the consistency and the correction of the grammar. The German grammar being developed within this framework already deals with a wide range of scrambling and extraction phenomena.
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XMG : eXtending MetaGrammars to MCTAG
(2007)
- In this paper, we introduce an extension of the XMG system (eXtensibleMeta-Grammar) in order to allow for the description of Multi-Component Tree Adjoining Grammars. In particular, we introduce the XMG formalism and its implementation, and show how the latter makes it possible to extend the system relatively easily to different target formalisms, thus opening the way towards multi-formalism.
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TuLiPA: towards a multi-formalism parsing environment for grammar engineering
(2008)
- In this paper, we present an open-source parsing environment (Tübingen Linguistic Parsing Architecture, TuLiPA) which uses Range Concatenation Grammar (RCG) as a pivot formalism, thus opening the way to the parsing of several mildly context-sensitive formalisms. This environment currently supports tree-based grammars (namely Tree-Adjoining Grammars (TAG) and Multi-Component Tree-Adjoining Grammars with Tree Tuples (TT-MCTAG)) and allows computation not only of syntactic structures, but also of the corresponding semantic representations. It is used for the development of a tree-based grammar for German.
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How to compare treebanks
(2008)
- Recent years have seen an increasing interest in developing standards for linguistic annotation, with a focus on the interoperability of the resources. This effort, however, requires a profound knowledge of the advantages and disadvantages of linguistic annotation schemes in order to avoid importing the flaws and weaknesses of existing encoding schemes into the new standards. This paper addresses the question how to compare syntactically annotated corpora and gain insights into the usefulness of specific design decisions. We present an exhaustive evaluation of two German treebanks with crucially different encoding schemes. We evaluate three different parsers trained on the two treebanks and compare results using EVALB, the Leaf-Ancestor metric, and a dependency-based evaluation. Furthermore, we present TePaCoC, a new testsuite for the evaluation of parsers on complex German grammatical constructions. The testsuite provides a well thought-out error classification, which enables us to compare parser output for parsers trained on treebanks with different encoding schemes and provides interesting insights into the impact of treebank annotation schemes on specific constructions like PP attachment or non-constituent coordination.
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Is it really that difficult to parse German?
(2006)
- This paper presents a comparative study of probabilistic treebank parsing of German, using the Negra and TüBa-D/Z treebanks. Experiments with the Stanford parser, which uses a factored PCFG and dependency model, show that, contrary to previous claims for other parsers, lexicalization of PCFG models boosts parsing performance for both treebanks. The experiments also show that there is a big difference in parsing performance, when trained on the Negra and on the TüBa-D/Z treebanks. Parser performance for the models trained on TüBa-D/Z are comparable to parsing results for English with the Stanford parser, when trained on the Penn treebank. This comparison at least suggests that German is not harder to parse than its West-Germanic neighbor language English.
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Parsing coordinations
(2009)
- The present paper is concerned with statistical parsing of constituent structures in German. The paper presents four experiments that aim at improving parsing performance of coordinate structure: 1) reranking the n-best parses of a PCFG parser, 2) enriching the input to a PCFG parser by gold scopes for any conjunct, 3) reranking the parser output for all possible scopes for conjuncts that are permissible with regard to clause structure. Experiment 4 reranks a combination of parses from experiments 1 and 3. The experiments presented show that n- best parsing combined with reranking improves results by a large margin. Providing the parser with different scope possibilities and reranking the resulting parses results in an increase in F-score from 69.76 for the baseline to 74.69. While the F-score is similar to the one of the first experiment (n-best parsing and reranking), the first experiment results in higher recall (75.48% vs. 73.69%) and the third one in higher precision (75.43% vs. 73.26%). Combining the two methods results in the best result with an F-score of 76.69.
