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The Nok Culture of Central Nigeria is known for its sophisticated terracotta figurines initially described in the 1950s by the British archaeologist Bernard Fagg. Since 2009, the Nok Culture has been the subject of research at the Goethe University Frankfurt within the scope of a long-term project funded by the German Research Foundation (DFG). This book is the outcome of a PhD thesis that involved pXRF analysis of features associated with the Nok Culture, namely stone-pot-arrangements and pit features.
Stone-pot-arrangements are considered to be burials, indicated by arranged and modified stones associated with complete pots and, in a few cases, a necklace made of stone beads. However, the absence of bones and other skeletal remains meant that their interpretation as burials was unresolved. The interpretation of pits or pit-like structures, of various shapes and sizes, also remained inconclusive.
Employing pXRF analysis succeeded in revealing traces of a decomposed body, supporting the hypothesis of stone-pot-arrangements being interments. Together with the analysis of pits, new ideas about the formation and use of Nok sites were advanced. These culminated in a 'patchwork model' that assumes a repetitive cycle of utilising land for farming, settlements and burials, followed by abandonment and subsequent re-visiting and re-use of the formerly abandoned land.
Nok Eisen : zentralnigerianische Eisenverhüttung in der Mitte des ersten Jahrtausends vor Christus
(2023)
Based on excavations, excavation documentation and archaeometallurgical analyses, this thesis aims to characterise Nok iron production in central Nigeria through a contextually based investigation.
In 2010, 2011, 2013 and 2016, the Nok research project at Goethe University Frankfurt/Main in collaboration with the National Commission for Museums and Monuments, Nigeria excavated 27 iron-smelting furnaces from 8 sites 60 kilometres north of Abuja. All furnaces date around the middle of the first millennium BCE. Absolute dates, relative pottery chronology and terracotta figurine finds in furnace contexts suggest their affiliation to the Nok context. In comparison, all 27 furnaces resemble each other closely regarding their design and spacial arrangement. The numbers of furnaces per site, furnace width, furnace wall angle and thickness as well as pits beneath the furnaces are just some features with similar qualities. The similarities of the smelting sites also extend into their finds: the structure of tuyères and their position in situ as well as macroscopic slag morphology and distribution. Find morphology and distribution as well as furnace structure suggest a highly standardized way of Nok iron production. However, archaeometallurgical analyses show heterogeneous use of raw materials between sites and/or furnaces. In similarly structured furnaces different kinds of iron ore were smelted leaving a high iron content in the respective slags. This hints at an early stage of iron production in which the smelting process was limited to one operative set-up.
Diese Magisterarbeit befasst sich mit der archäologischen Fundsituation von Terrakottafiguren der Nok-Kultur in Zentralnigeria (1500 v. Chr. – 1 n. Chr.). Seit 1928 werden solche anthropomorphe und zoomorphe Skulpturen aus gebranntem Ton im Verbreitungsgebiet entdeckt. Nur wenige stammen jedoch aus systematischen Ausgrabungen. Mit Beginn der Frankfurter Forschungen 2005 (seit 2009 im Rahmen eines DFG-Langfristprojekts in Zusammenarbeit mit zwei nigerianischen Universitäten und der NCMM in Nigeria) erweiterten sich die Erkenntnisse zum Kontext der Figuren und der assoziierten Funde stetig.
Im Fokus der Arbeit stehen acht Befunde mit Terrakottafragmenten von sechs Nok-Fundstellen. Sie werden dank der Frankfurter Daten beschrieben, analysiert und im Hinblick auf den finalen Umgang mit den Funden interpretiert. Unter den intentional angelegten Befunden sprechen bestimmte Kriterien für einen profanen Charakter der Niederlegungen, andere sprechen für rituelle Deponierungen. Letztere sind vermutlich im Rahmen von Aktivitäten angelegt worden, welche mit der Glaubenswelt der prähistorischen Gesellschaft in Verbindung stehen. (An English summary is included.)