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Hepatotoxicity by drugs and dietary supplements (DDS) is a rare and unpredictable event but with the risk of a life-threatening clinical course when it occurs. It may emerge despite intensive chemical, toxicological and observational studies that indicate no hepatotoxic signals. This suggests major clinical and regulatory issues that must be addressed in the area of accurate testing, reporting, and accessibility of reliable data. Consequently, in a clinical setting, safety concerns are key elements in the treatment of patients, and require that the diagnosis of DDS hepatotoxicity clearly be established. Causality of DDS hepatotoxicity may be pursued using a diagnostic algorithm consisting of a pre-test, a main-test as the scale of the updated CIOMS (Council for International Organizations of Medical Sciences), and a post-test. The results of these tests are then sent item by item to the National Health Agency, where the case will undergo further evaluation for pharmacovigilance, strategic aspects and safety issues. After this analysis, all items of the tests are included in the regulatory database freely accessible to the health and scientific community. With this diagnostic and regulatory algorithm the risk of misdiagnoses and inappropriate regulatory measures may be minimized and the safety improved. In conclusion, DDS hepatotoxicity is a rare but is a potentially life-threatening entity requiring a reliable diagnosis with the aid of a diagnostic algorithm, and a thorough pharmacovigilance evaluation by national and international health agencies. Safety aspects in DDS hepatotoxicity represent a major clinical and regulatory issue and should consequently be addressed.
Although human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is generally not regarded to be an oncogenic virus, HCMV infection has been implicated in malignant diseases from different cancer entities. On the basis of our experimental findings, we developed the concept of “oncomodulation” to better explain the role of HCMV in cancer. Oncomodulation means that HCMV infects tumor cells and increases their malignancy. By this concept, HCMV was proposed to be a therapeutic target in a fraction of cancer patients. However, the clinical relevance of HCMV-induced oncomodulation remains to be clarified. One central question that has to be definitively answered is if HCMV establishes persistent virus replication in tumor cells or not. In our eyes, recent clinical findings from different groups in glioblastoma patients and especially the detection of a correlation between the numbers of HCMV-infected glioblastoma cells and tumor stage (malignancy) strongly increase the evidence that HCMV may exert oncomodulatory effects. Here, we summarize the currently available knowledge about the molecular mechanisms that may contribute to oncomodulation by HCMV as well as the clinical findings that suggest that a fraction of tumors from different entities is indeed infected with HCMV.
Recently, pertussis has become a problem also in the adult population, with incidences even higher than in children. Pediatric health care workers (HCWs) are an important source of transmission, exposing very young and immunocompromised patients to an increased risk of potentially severe pertussis infections. Encouraging HCWs to get vaccinated can play a vital role in stopping the transmission of pertussis, thereby reducing institutional outbreaks.
In Germany, HCWs come up with all sorts of reasons for not getting pertussis vaccination. This study was meant to provide information in order to better understand the backgrounds of these attitudes.
A survey was conducted at the children's university hospital in Frankfurt, using an anonymous questionnaire. Survey results were used to design an intervention to increase the immunization rate of staff. Disappointingly, our efforts to increase the acceptance of the immunization program by providing information in advance were not yet satisfying.
Misconception about pertussis vaccination was prevalent especially among nursing staff. The main reasons for non-compliance included: unawareness of an own risk of infection, the belief that pertussis is not a serious illness, fear of side effects, the belief that the pertussis vaccine might trigger the pertussis disease itself, and skepticism about the efficacy of the pertussis vaccination.
The purpose of this study consists of the identification of implantologic and prosthetic methods and techniques used in substance loss rehabilitation, associated with identifying the specific biomaterials in perfect accordance with each case particularities, without leaving aside the bone-tissue deficiency etiology. A representative number of clinical cases were selected, cases which are relevant for the chosen theme. The possibility of reconstructing the natural parameters of the edentulous alveolar ridge areas is various, starting with augmentation materials of the autogenous and heterograft type biomaterials(Bio-Oss, Grafton, Cerasorb si MBCP) including the mixing of these two types of biomaterials, and going to epitheses, which are the best choise for complex substance loss.
Elevated tumor interstitial fluid pressure (TIFP) is a characteristic of most solid tumors. Clinically, TIFP may hamper the uptake of chemotherapeutic drugs into the tumor tissue reducing their therapeutic efficacy. In this study, a means of modulating TIFP to increase the flux of macromolecules into tumor tissue is presented, which is based on the rationale that elevated plasma colloid osmotic pressure (COP) pulls water from tumor interstitium lowering the TIFP. Concentrated human serum albumin: (20% HSA), used as an agent to enhance COP, reduced the TIFP time-dependently from 8 to 2 mm Hg in human tumor xenograft models bearing A431 epidermoid vulva carcinomas. To evaluate whether this reduction facilitates the uptake of macromolecules, the intratumoral distribution of fluorescently conjugated dextrans (2.5 mg/ml) and cetuximab (2.0 mg/ml) was probed using novel time domain nearinfrared fluorescence imaging. This method permitted discrimination and semiquantification of tumor-accumulated conjugate from background and unspecific probe fluorescence. The coadministration of 20% HSA together with either dextrans or cetuximab was found to lower the TIFP significantly and increase the concentration of the substances within the tumor tissue in comparison to control tumors. Furthermore, combined administration of 20%HSA plus cetuximab reduced the tumor growth significantly in comparison to standard cetuximab treatment. These data demonstrate that increased COP lowers the TIFP within hours and increases the uptake of therapeutic macromolecules into the tumor interstitium leading to reduced tumor growth. This model represents a novel approach to facilitate the delivery of therapeutics into tumor tissue, particularly monoclonal antibodies.
It is well known that Luis Kutner (1908-1993) played an important role in the development of the living will (advance directive, Patientenverfügung). But it is not clear when he developed his concept. We have screened the Luis Kutner Papers,deposited at the Hoover Institution Archives at Stanford University to answer this question. We found out that in the second half of 1967, Kutner dealt intensively with the issue of euthanasia. On December 7, 1967, he delivered a speech at the annual meeting of the Euthanasia Society in New York and presented the concept of the living will to the audience. So Kutner surely was a pioneer in this field, but further research is necessary to clarify, if he (or maybe Elsa W. Simon or Abraham L. Wolbarst) was the "originator" of the living will concept in the sense of passive euthanasia.
Die supratentorielle dekompressive Kraniektomie mit Eröffnung und Erweiterungsplastik der Dura mater ist heutzutage eine wichtige Therapiemaßnahme in der Behandlung des konservativ nicht kontrollierbaren Hirndrucks. Unter Kranioplastik versteht man den chirurgischen Verschluss des entstandenen Knochendefekts zum Schutz des direkt unter der Kopfhaut liegenden Gehirns, zur ästhetischen Wiederherstellung der Konturen sowie zur Verbesserung einer neurologischen Symptomatik („syndrome of the trephined“).
In der vorliegenden Arbeit werden die Daten von insgesamt 242 Patienten, die einer Kranioplastik unterzogen worden waren, retrospektiv analysiert. Die Patienten wurden im Zeitraum 2001-2008 in der neurochirurgischen Abteilung der Städtischen Kliniken Frankfurt am Main-Höchst operiert. Um Aufschluss über das postoperative, funktionelle und kosmetische Ergebnis zu erhalten, wurde im Anschluss an die Aktenauswertung bei diesen Patienten eine telefonische Befragung durchgeführt.
Ziel der Arbeit war es, die bisherigen Erfahrungen der Kalottenplastik und insbesondere der autogenen orthotopen Knochendeckelreimplantation im Hinblick auf die verschiedenen Kranioplastik Zeitpunkte zu untersuchen und unter klinischen Aspekten zu bewerten.
Die Frage des Kranioplastik Zeitpunktes ist essentiell für die Therapieplanung.
Das autologe Schädelknochentransplantat hat bessere Eigenschaften und Qualitäten als alle anderen alloplastischen Materialien. In Anbetracht der perfekten Histokompatibilität, der optimalen biomechanischen Eigenschaften, der guten anatomischen Fusion mit dem umgebenden Knochen und der Möglichkeit der partiellen oder totalen Revitalisation des Transplantats, besteht kein Zweifel, dass der autologe Knochen immer zu verwenden ist, wenn die Möglichkeit dazu besteht.
Die Analyse der Patientengruppen ergab, dass die ultra frühe Kranioplastik der Patienten mit großen Defekten nach dekompressiver Kraniektomie ein besseres Outcome im langfristigen Follow-up hat. Diese Patienten hatten keine gesteigerte Infektions- oder andere Komplikationsraten. Das Timing der Kranioplastik spielt eine Rolle in der Komplikationsrate nur bei den Patienten, die sekundär eine Komplikation erlitten haben. Patienten, die nach der Kraniektomie eine Nachblutung, einen Infarkt oder eine Infektion erlitten haben, hatten eine signifikant höhere Infektionsrate bei ultra früher Kranioplastik. Insbesondere soll betont werden, dass der Trend einer Häufung von Wundheilungsstörungen und Infektionen mit der Folge einer erneuten Explantation des Knochendeckels bei Patienten nach autogener Knochendeckelreimplantation mit mehr als 2 Risikofaktoren und bei Patienten mit kompliziertem Verlauf nach Kraniektomie festgestellt wurde.
Gemäß den Ergebnissen dieser Patientenserie kann die ultra frühe Kranioplastik bei ausgewählten Patienten mittels Reimplantation des Eigenknochens als ein sicheres und hilfreiches Verfahren für die schnellere Rehabilitation und Besserung der neurologischen Funktion und der Prognose bewertet werden. Ähnlich gute Ergebnisse zeigten die Pantienten in der Gruppe 1 der ultra frühen Kranioplastik die aufgrund einer Liquorzirkulationsstörung ein VP Shunt System als kombinierte Therapie in der gleichen Sitzung erhalten haben.
Somit kann zusammenfassend festgehalten werden:
Die Ergebnisse dieser Arbeit bestätigen, dass die Kranioplastik nach einer supratentoriellen dekompressiven Kraniektomie mit Reimplantation des eigenen Schädelknochens zum frühesten möglichen Zeitpunkt ein sicheres und effektives Verfahren darstellt und bei ausgewählten Patienten sogar bessere Ergebnisse als die späte Kranioplastik haben kann. Eine mögliche Erklärung dafür könnte das Auftreten und die Persistenz von neurologischen Defiziten im Rahmen des „syndrome of the trephined“ bei Patienten bieten, bei denen eine späte Kranioplastik durchgeführt wurde. In diesem Patientengut hatten die Patienten mit ultra-früher Kranioplastik das beste neurologische Outcome, die Komplikationsrate war in allen Gruppen vergleichbar.
Um Komplikationen zu vermeiden, sollten Patienten mit einer vorausgegangenen lokalen Infektion spät kranioplastiert werden.
Das neurologische Outcome der Patienten, bei denen ein kombiniertes Verfahren Kranioplastik –VP Shunt durchgeführt wurde, war vergleichbar mit anderen Patientengruppen. Somit ist eine Kranioplastik bei Patienten mit konvexen, über Kalottenniveau prolabierten Kraniektomielappen aufgrund eines Hydrocephalus keine Kontraindikation.
Mitochondrial dysfunction is well documented in presymptomatic brain tissue with Parkinson's disease (PD). Identification of the autosomal recessive variant PARK6 caused by loss-of-function mutations in the mitochondrial kinase PINK1 provides an opportunity to dissect pathogenesis. Although PARK6 shows clinical differences to PD, the induction of alpha-synuclein "Lewy" pathology by PINK1-deficiency proves that mitochondrial pathomechanisms are relevant for old-age PD. Mitochondrial dysfunction is induced by PINK1 deficiency even in peripheral tissues unaffected by disease, consistent with the ubiquitous expression of PINK1. It remains unclear whether this dysfunction is due to PINK1-mediated phosphorylation of proteins inside or outside mitochondria. Although PINK1 deficiency affects the mitochondrial fission/fusion balance, cell stress is required in mammals to alter mitochondrial dynamics and provoke apoptosis. Clearance of damaged mitochondria depends on pathways including PINK1 and Parkin and is critical for postmitotic neurons with high energy demand and cumulative stress, providing a mechanistic concept for the tissue specificity of disease.
In the last decade, several sophisticated and accurate imaging methods such as positron emission tomography have been developed in order to evaluate malignant potential in enlarged mediastinal lymph nodes. This case illustrates an unusual presentation of sarcoidosis that mimicked lymphatic metastases of non small cell lung carcinoma. The reported high specificity and sensitivity of positron emission tomography-Computer Tomography regarding mediastinal staging could lead in same cases of false positives to a delaying of stage adapted therapy of non small cell lung carcinoma, showing that despite the recent advances of imaging techniques, such as positron emission tomography-computer tomography, several limitations of this imaging technique are still existing.