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Die rechtsmedizinische Begutachtung von Knochenfunden : eine hessenweite retrospektive Studie
(2023)
Einleitung: Zufällige Funde von Knochen(fragmenten) können von großem Interesse für z. B. Strafverfolgungs- und Denkmalbehörden oder Bauträger sein. Zur Beurteilung einer etwaigen strafrechtlichen oder historischen Relevanz tragen forensisch-osteologische Untersuchungen in einem hohen Maße bei. Die vorliegende Arbeit soll einen Überblick über die forensisch-osteologische Arbeit der beiden hessischen Institute für Rechtsmedizin geben und durch die Interpretation der Ergebnisse im (inter-)nationalen Vergleich regionale Besonderheiten und die Rolle der Rechtsmedizin bei der Begutachtung aufzeigen. Der daraus entstandene Erkenntnisgewinn soll ein Problembewusstsein schaffen sowie Fallarbeit und Lehre verbessern.
Material und Methoden: Zunächst wurden für den Zeitraum von 2005 bis 2019 die im Institut für Rechtsmedizin Gießen archivierten osteologischen Gutachten deskriptiv statistisch ausgewertet. Es wurden Daten zu Fundort, -umständen, Humanspezifität, postmortalem Intervall, Spuren von Gewalt und die Ergebnisse weiterführender Untersuchungen erhoben.
In einer zweiten Studie wurde die Auswertung auf archivierte forensisch- osteologische Gutachten des Instituts für Rechtsmedizin Frankfurt am Main ausgeweitet und der Auswertungszeitraum auf die Jahre 2011 bis einschließlich 2020 angepasst, um eine hessenweite Datengrundlage zu generieren.
Ergebnisse: In der ersten Studie wurden von den in dem 15-Jahres-Zeitraum begutachteten 172 Knochenfunden aus dem Institut für Rechtsmedizin Gießen 40 % in Wald- und Wiesengebieten aufgefunden. In 58 % enthielten die Funde menschliche Knochen, davon wurde in 32 % eine forensisch relevante Liegezeit von 50 Jahren oder weniger nicht ausgeschlossen, und 6% wiesen Zeichen perimortaler Gewalteinwirkung auf. Bei den Fällen, in denen eine Humanspezifität ausgeschlossen wurde, handelte es sich am häufigsten um Knochen von Hirsch bzw. Reh (32 %), Schwein (29 %) und Rind (14 %). In 20 % aller Fälle wurden
ergänzende DNA-Untersuchungen durchgeführt; in 62 % verlief die Typisierung humaner STR-Systeme erfolgreich und davon gelang in 41 % die Zuordnung zu einem antemortalen Profil einer vermissten Person.
In der zweiten, hessenweiten Studie, wurden 288 Knochenfunde eines 10-Jahres-Zeitraums ausgewertet. Mit 38,2 % wurden die meisten Funde in Wäldern, Wiesen und großen Parks getätigt. In 50,7 % der Fälle enthielten die Funde menschliche Knochen, davon wurde in 37,0 % eine forensisch relevante Liegezeit angenommen. Zeichen einer Gewalteinwirkung wurden in 77,4 % der Fälle mit menschlichen Knochen beschrieben, dabei handelte es sich mit 78,8 % am häufigsten um postmortale Beschädigungen, in 9,7 % um perimortale und in 11,5 % um antemortale Verletzungen. In 40,4 % der als human klassifizierten Knochenfunde wurden DNA-Untersuchungen durchgeführt. Dabei konnte in 81,3 % ein STR-Profil erstellt werden, das in 35,4% zu einer sicheren Identifizierung führte. Bei den zur Untersuchung überstellten nicht-menschlichen Knochen handelte es sich am häufigsten um Knochen vom Schwein (23,4 %), Hirsch (18,1 %), Rind (16,4 %), Reh (11,7 %) und Schaf (11,7 %).
Diskussion: Die Begutachtung von Knochen und Knochenfragmenten ist ein fester Bestandteil der rechtsmedizinischen Fallarbeit und zwingend erforderlich, um Fälle von forensischem Interesse zu identifizieren. Die makroskopische Befundung durch einen geschulten Untersucher erlaubt in der Regel bereits, Aussagen über die forensische Relevanz eines Fundes zu treffen und so die Weichen für das weitere Vorgehen zu stellen. Hilfreich bei der makroskopischen Beurteilung ist eine gute Kenntnis der regionalen Besonderheiten in dem Gebiet, in dem die Knochen gefunden wurden. Die makroskopische forensisch-osteologische Begutachtung stellt trotz der sich ständig weiterentwickelnden technischen Möglichkeiten ein unverzichtbares Werkzeug in der Bearbeitung von Knochenfunden dar. In Deutschland ist es Aufgabe der Rechtsmedizin, diese Expertise zu pflegen und vorzuhalten, mit dem Ziel, zur Aufklärung von Vermisstenfällen beizutragen und unentdeckte nichtnatürliche Todesfälle aufzuklären.
In der vorliegenden Arbeit konnten wir in den einzelnen Lipidfraktionen die gleichen Unterschiede zeigen, die bereits in anderen Untersuchungen aufgezeigt worden waren. Vor allem in den Phospholipiden, im Plasma und in den Erythrozyten ließen sich für die cis-Linolensäure (C18:2ω6c), die Arachidonsäure (C20:4ω6) und die Docosahexaensäure (C22:6ω3) Erniedrigungen beschreiben. Auch in den Cholesterylestern und den Triglyceriden, die als direkte Nahrungsfette gewertet werden können, zeigt sich diese Verteilung, so dass von einer Unterversorgung mit diesen Fettsäuren ausgegangen werden muß. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass bereits wenige Fettsäuren zur Beurteilung der Fettsäure-Situation bei Cystische Fibrose-Patienten ausreichen, so dass in Folgeuntersuchungen auf die Auswertung bei Cystische Fibrose-Patienten aller Fettsäuren verzichtet werden kann. Die Gruppen sollten zur Stabilisierung und besseren Reproduzierbarkeit der Werte vergrößert werden. In Folgeuntersuchungen sollte die Ernährung und der Ernährungstatus dokumentiert werde. Die Patienten in unserer Gruppe hatten alle die gleiche Mutation (ΔF 508) und waren adäquat ernährt. Im Einzelnen lässt sich jedoch nicht mehr sagen in welcher Form und Menge Fett zugeführt worden waren. Die Verteilungsmuster in den Triglyceriden und den Cholesterylestern lassen jedoch eindeutig, wie schon in der Literatur beschrieben, auf einen essentiellen Fettsäuremangel schließen. Keiner der Patienten erhielt eine zusätzliche Substitution mit ultralangkettigen mehrfach ungesättigten Fettsäuren der ω3/ω6- Familien. Es lässt sich nur mit Hilfe der Literatur diskutieren welche Ursachen bei unseren Patienten für den essentiellen Fettsäuremangel verantwortlich sind, da unsere Arbeit lediglich eine Erhebung über den Ist-Zustand darstellt. Für die Klärung der Malabsorption müssten Untersuchungen angeschlossen werden, die mit einer Substitution von ultralangkettigen mehrfach ungesättigten Fettsäuren einhergehen. Das Membranverhalten und Rezeptorverhalten kann über die Messung der Phospholipide konkretisiert werden. Im Bezug auf die inflammatorische Antwort könnten die Leukotriene und andere Mediatoren der inflammatorischen Antwort parallel gemessen werden. Als weiteres Ergebnis zeigten sich bei den von uns untersuchten Cystische Fibrose-Patienten im Vergleich zur Kontrollgruppe keine oder nur in Spuren vorhandene trans-Fettsäuren.
Fit to play : posture and seating position analysis with professional musicians - a study protocol
(2017)
Background: Musical performance-associated musculoskeletal disorders (MSD) are a common health problem among professional musicians. Considering the manifold consequences arising for the musicians, they can be seen as a threat for their professional activity. String players are the most affected group of musicians in this matter. Faults in upper body posture while playing the instrument, causing un-ergonomic static strain on the back and unergonomic limp-movements, are a main reason for musculoskeletal disorders and pain syndromes.
Methods: A total of 66 professional musicians, divided into three groups, are measured.
The division is performed by average duration of performance, intensity of daily exercise and professional experience. Video raster stereography, a three-dimensional analysis of the body posture, is used to analyse the instrument-specific posture. Furthermore the pressure distribution during seating is analysed. Measurements are performed because the musician is sitting on varying music chairs differing in structure and/or construction of the seating surface. The measurements take place in habitual seating position as well as during playing the instrument.
Results: To analyse the influence of different chairs, ANOVA for repeated measurements or Friedman-test is used, depending on normality assumptions. Comparison of posture between amateur musicians, students, and professional orchestral musicians is carried out the non-parametric Jonckheere-Terpstra-test.
Conclusions: Our method attempts to give the musicians indications for the right music chair choice by analyzing the chair concepts, so that thereby preemptively MSD can be reduced or prevented.
Objectives The following study analyses the influence of risk factors among the occupational group of truck drivers on postural control and body mass index (BMI).
Design Observational study.
Setting One motorway station close to several highways in Germany.
Participants 180 truck drivers (177 male/3 female), aged 21–65 years old, took part in this study.
Outcome measures Postural control was examined using a pressure plate. In order to examine the influence of body weight (BMI) and working years on postural control, subjects were divided into samples of five and three groups, respectively. Furthermore, it was evaluated whether the subjects suffered from back pain. For data analysis, the Kruskal-Wallis test was used as the data were not normally distributed. Once the p value of the Kruskal-Wallis test was p≤0.05, the Conover-Iman comparison and afterwards the Bonferroni-Holm correction were used. The significance level was set at α ≤0.05.
Results Regarding the number of working years, a significant increase of frontal (p≤0.04) and sagittal (p≤0.001) sway were observed. The correlation of the five BMI groups with the number of working years demonstrates that an increase of the working years leads to an increase of BMI (p≤0.03). Furthermore, the majority of truck drivers participating in this study suffered from back pain (61.7%).
Conclusions BMI and musculoskeletal impairment are indicators of health risk factors. In this study, it is shown that an increasing number of working years and an increasing BMI lead to a decrease in frontal and sagittal postural sway. In addition, the number of working years correlates with body weight and back pain.
Standard reference values of the upper body posture in healthy middle-aged female adults in Germany
(2021)
In order to classify and analyze the parameters of upper body posture, a baseline in form of standard values is demanded. To this date, standard values have only been published for healthy young women. Data for female adults between 51 and 60 years are lacking. 101 symptom-free female volunteers aged 51–60 (55.16 ± 2.89) years. The mean height of the volunteers was 1.66 ± 0.62 m, with a mean body weight of 69.3 ± 11.88 kg and an average BMI of 25.02 ± 4.55 kg/m2. By means of video raster stereography, a 3D-scan of the upper back surface was measured in a habitual standing position. The confidence interval, tolerance range and ICCs were calculated for all parameters. The habitual standing position is almost symmetrical in the frontal plane the most prominent deviation being a slightly more ventral position of the left shoulder blade in comparison to the right. The upper body (spine position) is inclined ventrally with a minor tilt to the left. In the sagittal plane, the kyphosis angle of the thoracic spine is greater than the lordosis angle of the lumbar spine. The pelvis is virtually evenly balanced with deviations from an ideal position falling under the measurement error margin of 1 mm/1°. There were also BMI influenced postural variations in the sagittal plane and shoulder distance. The ICCs are calculated from three repeated measurements and all parameters can be classified as "almost perfect". Deflections from an ideally symmetric spinal alignment in women aged 51–60 years are small-scaled, with a minimal frontal-left inclination and accentuated sigmoidal shape of the spine. Postural parameters presented in this survey allow for comparisons with other studies as well as the evaluation of clinical diagnostics and applications.
Background: The aim is to investigate to what extent the different oral protections compared to the habitual occlusion affect the upper body posture in statics and during taekwondo-specific movement.
Methods: 12 Taekwondoka (5 f/7 m) of German national team were measured by using a 3d back scanner and an ultrasonic distance measuring (upright stand, taekwondo attack and defense movement, two taekwondo specific combinations) in habitual occlusion, with a custom-made and ready-made mouth protection
Results: There are no significant changes in the upper body posture (p ≥ 0.05). Depending on the dynamic measurements, different significant reactions of the spinal position were found while wearing the custom made mouthguard or the ready-made mouthguard according to the conducted movement.
Conclusion: The measured changes in dynamic movements are not clinical relevant. Based on the positive responses from the participants, the custom-made mouth protection can be recommended combined with an individual analysis.
Background: To detect deviations from a normal postural control, standard values can be helpful for comparison purposes. Since the postural control is influenced by gender and age, the aim of the present study was the collection of standard values for women between 31 and 40 years of age.
Methods: For the study, 106 female, subjectively healthy, German subjects aged between 31 and 40 years (35 ± 2.98 years) were measured using a pressure measuring platform.
Results: Their average BMI was 21.60 ± 4.65 kg/m2. The load distribution between left and right foot was almost evenly balanced with a median 51.46% load on the left [tolerance interval (TR) 37.02%/65.90%; confidence interval (CI) 50.06/52.85%] and 48.54% [TR 43.10/62.97%; CI 47.14/49.93%] on the right foot. The median forefoot load was 33.84% [TR 20.68/54.73%; CI 31.67/37.33%] and the rearfoot load was measured at 66.16% [TR 45.27/79.33%; CI 62.67/68.33%]. The median/mean body sway in the sagittal plane was measured 12 mm [TR 5.45/23.44 mm; CI 11.00/14.00 mm] and 8.17 mm in the frontal plane [TR 3.33/19.08 mm; CI 7.67/9.33 mm]. The median of the ellipse area is 0.72 cm2 [TR 0.15/3.69 cm2; CI 0.54/0.89°]. The ellipse width has a median of 0.66 cm [TR 0.30/1.77 cm; CI 0.61/0.78 cm] and the height of 0.33 cm [TR 0.13/0.71 cm; CI 0.30/0.37 cm]. The ellipse angle (sway, left forefoot to right rearfoot) has a mean of − 19.34° [TR − 59.21/− 0.44°; CI − 22.52/− 16.16°] and the ellipse angle sway from right forefoot to left rearfoot has a mean of 12.75° [TR 0.09/59.09°; CI 9.00/16.33°].
Conclusion: The right-to-left ratio is balanced. The forefoot-to-rearfoot ratio is approximately 1:2. Also, the body sway can be classified with 12 and 8 mm as normal. The direction of fluctuation is either approx. 19° from the left forefoot to the right rearfoot or approx. 13° the opposite. Body weight, height, and BMI were comparable to the German average of women in a similar age group, so that the measured standard values are representative and might serve as baseline for the normal function of the balance system in order to support the diagnosis of possible dysfunctions in postural control.
Background: Dentists are at a higher risk of suffering from musculoskeletal disorders (MSD) than the general population. However, the latest study investigating MSD in the dental profession in Germany was published about 20 years ago. Therefore, the aim of this study was to reveal the current prevalence of MSD in dentists and dental students in Germany. Methods: The final study size contained 450 (287 f/163 m) subjects of different areas of specialization. The age of the participants ranged from 23 to 75 years. The questionnaire consisted of a modified version of the Nordic Questionnaire, work-related questions from the latest questionnaire of German dentists, typical medical conditions and self-developed questions. Results: The overall prevalence showed that dentists suffered frequently from MSD (seven days: 65.6%, twelve months: 92%, lifetime: 95.8%). The most affected body regions included the neck (42.7%–70.9%–78.4%), shoulders (29.8%–55.6%–66.2%) and lower back (22.9%–45.8%–58.7%). Overall, female participants stated that they suffered from pain significantly more frequently, especially in the neck, shoulders and upper back. Conclusion: The prevalence of MSD among dentists, especially in the neck, shoulder and back area, was significantly higher than in the general population. In addition, women suffered more frequently from MSD than men in almost all body regions.
Introduction: Musicians often perform in forced postures over a long period of time, which in the worst case may lead to playing-related musculoskeletal disorders. In this context, the ergonomics of the musician's chair (construction and surface quality) can be an influencing factor, with impact on the seating position of the upper body and the pressure distribution of the bottom. Therefore, the relationship between different musician chairs and musicians of different playing levels (professional, amateur or student) was analyzed in order to gain useful insights whether playing experience, playing level, playing style (symmetrical or asymmetrical) or gender have an impact.
Method: The total dataset of 47 musicians (3 playing levels: professional, amateur, student) were analysed on six musician chairs with different ergonomic layout. Sitting on each chair without instrument (condition 1) and with instrument (condition 2), the upper body posture (videorasterstereography) and the seat pressure (load distribution) were recorded.as Also, a subjective assessment concerning constitutional data, sitting behaviour, prevailing pain in the musculoskeletal system, sport activity and chair comfort rating, was completed using a questionnaire.
Results: There were significant differences shown in 6 of 17 variables, where all between and within factors were accounted for with a MANOVA. Two measurements of the upper body posture (scapular distance and scapular height) differentiated between playing level. Four of the pressure measurements (pressure under the sit bone and the thigh for the left and the right side) differentiated between chairs and the two conditions (with and without instrument). Chairs with soft cushioning had a mean pressure reduction of about 30%. The pressure was increased by about 10% while playing an instrument. Subjective rating was correlated to age for some of the chairs.
Discussion: Differences between chairs are mainly associated with the pressure distribution under the sitting surface. Playing with an instrument puts an additional force onto the surface of the chair that is more than the weight of the instrument. No relationship between pressure data and upper body posture data could be found. Therefore, it can be speculated that the intersubject variability is larger than systematic differences introduced by the chair or instrument.
Background: Effects of playing high stringed bow instruments on the upper body posture have not been analysed so far. The instrument-specific seating position when playing in an orchestra is compared to the habitual seating position.
Methods: Three dimensional back scans were performed in 13 professional violinists and viola players of a radio orchestra (8 f / 5 m). Trunk position in their habitual seating position and in the instrument- specific seating position imitating playing was compared. Statistical differences were calculated using Wilcoxon Matched Pairs Test with Bonferroni Holm correction.
Results: Significant differences were found between the seated position with instrument and without (p < 0.001, 0.03, 0.02 or 0.01) in the spine (trunk length, sagittal trunk decline, lumbar bending angle, maximal rotation, standard deviation rotation, lumbar lordosis), the shoulder (scapula distance, scapula rotation, scapula angle right) and pelvis distance.
Conclusions: Playing an instrument changes the static seating position by increased rotation of the spine and specific shoulder adaptations holding the instrument (left arm) and the bow (right arm), with minor effects on the pelvis. This forced position may result in chronic health effects. The method used in this study is an approach to better understand the involved muscular structures and possible resulting health damages.