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The present study argues that variation across listeners in the perception of a non-native contrast is due to two factors: the listener-specic weighting of auditory dimensions and the listener-specic construction of new segmental representations. The interaction of both factors is shown to take place in the perception grammar, which can be modelled within an OT framework. These points are illustrated with the acquisition of the Dutch three-member labiodental contrast [V v f] by German learners of Dutch, focussing on four types of learners from the perception study by Hamann and Sennema (2005a).
Mit der Möglichkeit, anhand digitaler Telefonanschlüsse Familiennamen nach Bestand, Trägerzahl und räumlicher Verbreitung mit großer Genauigkeit zu erfassen, hat eine neue Epoche der Anthroponomastik begonnen. Der Schatz von 850661 verschiedenen Familiennamen, die im Jahre 2005 in 28205713 privaten Festnetzanschlüssen registriert waren, ist immens, und die Fragestellungen zu seiner Erforschung sind in ihrer Ausrichtung und in ihrer Anzahl unerschöpflich. In dieser Situation ergaben sich vordringlich zwei Aufgaben: Erstens musste angesichts der von Jahr zu Jahr wachsenden Bevölkerungsmobilität, angesichts der Auswirkung neuerer Namengesetzgebung und angesichts der schnell zunehmenden Ablösung lokalisierter Festnetzanschlüsse durch Mobiltelefone der Namenbestand spätestens jetzt aufgrund der zuverlässigsten Quelle und in legitim nutzbarer Weise gesichert und archiviert werden. Die geschichtlich gewachsenen Namenlandschaften sind gerade noch, und zwar in erstaunlicher Stabilität, erhalten. Die Daten wurden nach Klärung der Datenschutzfragen von der Deutschen Telekom auf Stand Juni 2005 dem Deutschen Familiennamenatlas zur Verfügung gestellt und ihre Nutzung zur namenkundlichen Forschung mit Vertrag vom 28.06.2005 geregelt.
The main tenet of the present paper is the thesis that nominalization – like other cases of derivational morphology – is an essentially lexical phenomenon with well defined syntactic (and semantic) conditions and consequences. More specifically, it will be argued that the relation between a verb and the noun derived from it is subject to both systematic and idiosyncratic conditions with respect to lexical as well as syntactic aspects.
Lassen sich Gedanken sagen? : Mimesis der inneren Rede in Arthurs Schnitzlers "Lieutenant Gustl"
(2009)
Am Anfang des zwanzigsten Jahrhunderts entsteht ein Text, der die Frage nach der Sag- und Vernehmbarkeit von Gedanken scheinbar mühelos überspringt. Der Selbstbeobachter Arthur Schnitzler präsentiert uns die lückenlose, nur durch Schlaf unterbrochene Gedankenrede eines jungen Militärs zwischen Abend und Morgen. Damit befindet sich „Lieutenant Gustl“, erschienen am Weihnachtstag 1900 in der Wiener „Neuen Freien Presse“, im Fadenkreuz der Studier- und Konstruierbarkeit von ‚innerer Rede’. Im beinahe zeitungssprengenden Umfang von 24 halbseitigen Spalten auf 8 Seiten inszeniert Schnitzler das paradoxe Planspiel, wie es wäre, die Gedanken eines anderen unmittelbar und in situ vernehmen zu können. Es ist, dafür ist der Text in die Literaturgeschichte eingegangen, der erste konsequent durchgehaltene Innere Monolog in der deutschsprachigen Erzählliteratur.
The main concern of this article is to discuss some recent findings concerning the psychological reality of optimality-theoretic pragmatics and its central part – bidirectional optimization. A present challenge is to close the gap between experimental pragmatics and neo-Gricean theories of pragmatics. I claim that OT pragmatics helps to overcome this gap, in particular in connection with the discussion of asymmetries between natural language comprehension and production. The theoretical debate will be concentrated on two different ways of interpreting bidirection: first, bidirectional optimization as a psychologically realistic online mechanism; second, bidirectional optimization as an offline phenomenon of fossilizing optimal form-meaning pairs. It will be argued that neither of these extreme views fits completely with the empirical data when taken per se.
Ever since the discovery of neural networks, there has been a controversy between two modes of information processing. On the one hand, symbolic systems have proven indispensable for our understanding of higher intelligence, especially when cognitive domains like language and reasoning are examined. On the other hand, it is a matter of fact that intelligence resides in the brain, where computation appears to be organized by numerical and statistical principles and where a parallel distributed architecture is appropriate. The present claim is in line with researchers like Paul Smolensky and Peter Gärdenfors and suggests that this controversy can be resolved by a unified theory of cognition – one that integrates both aspects of cognition and assigns the proper roles to symbolic computation and numerical neural computation.
The overall goal in this contribution is to discuss formal systems that are suitable for grounding the formal basis for such a unified theory. It is suggested that the instruments of modern logic and model theoretic semantics are appropriate for analyzing certain aspects of dynamical systems like inferring and learning in neural networks. Hence, I suggest that an active dialogue between the traditional symbolic approaches to logic, information and language and the connectionist paradigm is possible and fruitful. An essential component of this dialogue refers to Optimality Theory (OT) – taken as a theory that likewise aims to overcome the gap between symbolic and neuronal systems. In the light of the proposed logical analysis notions like recoverability and bidirection are explained, and likewise the problem of founding a strict constraint hierarchy is discussed. Moreover, a claim is made for developing an "embodied" OT closing the gap between symbolic representation and embodied cognition.
The paper investigates the origins of the German/Dutch particle toch/doch) in the hope of shedding light on a puzzle with respect to doch/toch and to shed some light on two theoretical issues. The puzzle is the nearly opposite meaning of the stressed and unstressed versions of the particle which cannot be accounted for in standard theories of the meaning of stress. One theoretical issue concerns the meaning of stress: whether it is possible to reduce the semantic contribution of a stressed item to the meaning of the item and the meaning of stress. The second issue is whether the complex use of a particle like doch/toch can be seen as an instance of spread or whether it has to be seen as having a core meaning which is differentiated by pragmatics operating in different contexts.
We use the etymology of doch and doch as to+u+h (that+ question marker+ emphatic marker) to argue for an origin as a question tag checking a hearer opinion. Stress on the tag indicates an opposite opinion (of the common ground or the speaker) and this sets apart two groups of uses spreading in different directions. This solves the puzzle, indicates that the assumption of spread is useful and offers a subtle correction of the interpretation of stress. While stress always means contrast with a contrasting item, if the particle use is due to spread, it is not guaranteed that the unstressed particle has a corresponding use (or inversely).
In this paper, we outline the foundations of a theory of implicatures. It divides into two parts. The first part contains the base model. It introduces signalling games, optimal answer models, and a general definition of implicatures in terms of natural information. The second part contains a refinement in which we consider noisy communication with efficient clarification requests. Throughout, we assume a fully cooperative speaker who knows the information state of the hearer. The purpose of this paper is not the study of examples. Our concern is the framework for doing these studies.