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Macunaíma : eine Rhapsodie
(2007)
During the first decades of the 20th century emerges a Brazilian artistic movement that aims to break with the cultural models imported from Europe. As a landmark one may cite the Week of Modern Art in São Paulo and Mário de Andrade as one of its main figures. His novel Macunaíma stands for one of the central pieces of modern Brazilian literature and was considered by Andrade as a literary rhapsody. This article aims to compare the formal elements of the rhapsody with the actual text written in 1928.
Considering that the German dramatist Heiner Müller has treated several times the subject of the angel of history, this essay proposes a comparison between Müller’s first angel (Der glücklose Engel) from 1958 and the original “angel of history” (Engel der Geschichte), a seminal text written by Walter Benjamin in 1940. Benjamin’s work reflects the author’s thoughts on the corruption of history and the dangerous notion of progress. Müller’s angel, on the contrary, despite his beliefs in the destructive force of the history, sees the future in a positive perspective.
Augusto Boal and Raduan Nassar are two important figures of Brazilian culture who reflected their country inside its borders as well as beyond them. In two of the writings that are part of the book 'Lateinamerikaner über Europa', which was organized by Curt Meyer-Clason, both of them write what they think about Europe. In “Um índio desterrado. Carta a um amigo” (A banished Indian. Letter to a friend), by Augusto Boal, one can see the reflection of a person who thinks about the relationship between Brazil and Europe from the perspective of theatrical activity, and, most specifically, the perspective of the “Theatre of the Oppressed”. Likewise, in “Imitação e valorização própria” (Imitation and self valorization), Raduan Nassar undertakes a socioeconomic reading of the relationship between the European continent and Brazil on a historical basis.
It is commonplace to assert that the Book of Genesis in the Old Testament is based on an androcentric position. Although critics have tried to introduce some sort of female empowerment by reassessing various biblical stories (cf. Savina Teubal, 1984), Genesis remains a man's realm with only a limited female perspective. The case of Dinah's rape by Shechem in Genesis 34 illustrates the marginality of womanhood in the biblical world and theology. The pericope tells us that, while the Israelites are settled near the Hivite city of Shechem in Canaan, Jacob's and Leah's daughter Dinah goes out of the Israelite camp. She is raped by Shechem, the prince of the eponymous city, who then abducts her and makes her one of his household. A deal is concluded by Jacob's sons and the Shechemites, according to which the situation can be made legitimate through marriage if the men of Shechem circumcise themselves. While the Shechemites are weak at er the surgery, the Israelites sack the city, kill all the males and take Dinah back.
Modern retellings of the Flood pericope (Genesis 6–8) depend on the age of the targeted audience. Writing for adults, Wolfdietrich Schnurre, Brigitte Schär, Timothy Findley, and Anne Provoost ask whether universal annihilation can be justified. Their criticism of the divine notion that evil is universal and indiscriminate collective punishment is therefore justified, reveals values that are incompatible with those informing the original biblical narrative. However much modernity is aware that myths are symbolic, it apparently cannot assimilate their ethics without a critical reassessment. In this, modern writers rely on the realistic premises of modern novelistic narration. In contrast, modern retellings of the Flood story for children appear to be far more prepared to accept the ancient value system underlying the biblical narrative. Books for younger audiences seem to be much more comfortable with the notion of generalized evil and global punishment than works for adults. This becomes particularly striking in a number of picture books about Noah's ark. The narrative stance of writers ultimately depends on the way they perceive adulthood and childhood.
Siegfried Lenz's novel "Deutschstunde" is analyzed on the basis of work conducted by two American psychologists: Stanley Milgram and Lawrence Kohlberg. The concept of duty and obedience to authority are considered as social phenomena that go beyond personal disposition. The article uses Milgram's famous obedience experiment in order to consider the literary depiction of psychological processes underlying compliance with orders to commit reprehensible acts. A comparison is made between Jens Jepsen, the fictional obedient policeman in "Deutschstunde", and Paul Grueninger, a real policeman in wartime Switzerland, who refused to follow orders and saved many refugees at the Swiss-Austrian border.
This essay deals with two retellings of Genesis: Thomas Mann's "Joseph and his brothers" and Anita Diamant's "The red tent". Both authors note the presence of implicit pagan tendencies among the women of Jacob's clan (Gen 31:19; 35:2) and develop this subtext for their respective ideological purposes. Thomas Mann creates a dichotomy between the backwardness of the pagan female realm and the progressive nature of the monotheistically-oriented patriarchs. The path toward modern humanist values comes from the likes of Jacob and Joseph rather than Rachel and Leah in Mann's novel. Anita Diamant, on the other hand, adopts the opposite attitude, namely, that the paganism of Rachel, Leah, as well as other women in Jacob's family, is a humane and natural form of spirituality in contrast to the bloodthirsty Yahwism of Jacob and his sons. The latter point is illustrated by the sacking of Shechem. In order to question the patriarchal stance of the Old Testament Diamant reverses the key values informing the theology of the Bible. Thus, in "The red tent" Jacob's wives venerate the Ashera in particular. The latter constitutes a challenge to the stance of the Deuteronomic History where the cult of the Ashera is viewed as a key reason behind God's decision to let the Babylonians destroy the Southern Kingdom of Judah. And since Mann's novel upholds the patriarchal spirit of the biblical text, Diamant enters into debate with the continuity of female disempowerment which reaches all the way from Genesis to "Joseph and his brothers".
This article will provide a general look on modern literature as partially configured by medial history. It parts from the impact of Gutenberg’s invention on social differentiation and the romantic literary concepts, and then looks on photography as an important reference for the realistic aesthetics as well as the initial struggle of film against the domination of the traditional literary medium. It closes with a brief historical overview on what one may call precursors of the hyperlink in literary communication.
In den siebziger Jahren überragte die Deutung der Werke Brechts die anderer Autoren an Umfang und Intensität um ein Vielfaches. Alles wurde diskutiert, seheinbar nichts ausgelassen. Inzwischen ist die Diskussion zum Erliegen gekommen, da die gesellschaftliche und politische Dimension der Literatur, deren Repräsentant Brecht wie kein anderer war, in den neuen kulturwissensehaftlichen Konzeptionen keine Rolle mehr spielt. Die Protagonisten der Brechtforschung und einige ihrer Anhänger publizieren zwar weiter, stoßen aber nicht auf Widerspruch, so daß sich Defizite fortsetzen. Dies ist auch bei einem 1952 erschienenen Band mit dem Titel "Theaterarbeit" der Fall, üher den nichts geschrieben wurde, vermutlich weil der Name Brechts hier nur als Teil einer "Redaktion" auftaucht und theoretische Äußerungen eher im Hintergrund stehen. In Editionen und Handbüchern wird er nicht oder nur am Rande berücksichtigt: In der "Großen kommentierten Berliner und Frankfurter Ausgabe" sind selbst die aus dem Band übernommenen Texte nur unzureichend ediert. In der fünfbändigen Ausgabe des Brecht-Handbuchs (2001-2003) wird der Band nicht als eigenständiges Werk behandelt, so daß die Mängel der Edition nicht korrigiert wurden. Dennoch ist die Theaterarbeit mit 400 großformatigen Seiten, aufwendiger Typographie und zahlreichen Abbildungen nicht nur repräsentativer als alle Publikationen Brechts, sie enthält auch die einzige umfassende Darstellung der epischen Dramaturgie zu seinen Lebzeiten. Durch die Vernachlässigung des Bandes hat eine unbedachte Brechtphilologie deshalb fortgesetzt, was die Kulturinstitutionen der DDR seit Beginn der fünfziger Jahre aus politischen Gründen betrieben haben: die Ausgrenzung eines Grundlagenwerks.
Welches sind [...] die Kanäle, auf denen wir unsere Traditionen und unser Wissen kommunizieren und übermitteln? Diese Frage muss für jede Generation neu verhandelt werden. Umberto Eco macht darauf aufmerksam, dass dies nicht allein über den Weg der Hochkultur geschieht. In seinem jüngsten Roman "Die geheimnisvolle Flamme der Königin Loana" (2004)3 beschreibt er am Beispiel seines Protagonisten Yambo Bodoni die éducation sentimentale seiner Generation, aufgewachsen und sozialisiert im Zeichen des italienischen Faschismus, aber auch einer insbesondere aus den USA stammenden Gegenkultur. Hierfür be- und hinterfragt Eco – und dies ist ein Novum für die italienische Literatur – insbesondere die Populärkultur der Zeit, die er in Form von Comics, Fotos, Plakaten und sogar Schlagern und Propagandaliedern als originale Bild- und Textzitate in die Romanhandlung integriert.