OPUS 4 | Medizin

5-Lipoxygenase contributes to PPAR [gamma] activation in macrophages in response to apoptotic cells (2012)

Andreas von Knethen Lisa Eifler Laura Kuchler Annika Heeg Heinrich Heide Ilka Wittig Thorsten Jürgen Maier Dieter Steinhilber Bernhard Brüne

Background: One hallmark contributing to immune suppression during the late phase of sepsis is macrophage polarization to an anti-inflammatory phenotype upon contact with apoptotic cells (AC). Taking the important role of the nuclear receptor PPARγ for this phenotype switch into consideration, it remains elusive how AC activate PPARγ in macrophages. Therefore, we were interested to characterize the underlying principle. Methods: Apoptosis was induced by treatment of Jurkat T cells for 3 hours with 0.5 μg/ml staurosporine. Necrotic cells (NC) were prepared by heating cells for 20 minutes to 65°C. PPARγ activation was followed by stably transducing RAW264.7 macrophages with a vector encoding the red fluorescent protein mRuby after PPARγ binding to 4 × PPRE sites downstream of the reporter gene sequence. This readout was established by treatment with the PPARγ agonist rosiglitazone (1 μM) and AC (5:1). Twenty-four hours after stimulation, mRuby expression was analysed by fluorescence microscopy. Lipid rafts of AC, NC, as well as living cells (LC) were enriched by sucrose gradient centrifugation. Fractions were analysed for lipid raft-associated marker proteins. Lipid rafts were incubated with transduced RAW264.7 macrophages as described above. 5-Lipoxygenase (5-LO) involvement was verified by pharmacological inhibition (MK-866, 1 μM) and overexpression. Results: Assuming that the molecule responsible for PPARγ activation in macrophages is localized in the cell membrane of AC, most probably associated to lipid rafts, we isolated lipid rafts from AC, NC and LC. Mass spectrometric analysis of lipid rafts of AC showed the expression of 5-LO, whereas lipid rafts of LC did not. Moreover, incubating macrophages with lipid rafts of AC induced mRuby expression. In contrast, lipid rafts of NC and LC did not. To verify the involvement of 5-LO in activating PPARγ in macrophages, Jurkat T cells were incubated for 30 minutes with the 5-LO inhibitor MK-866 (1 μM) before apoptosis induction. In line with our hypothesis, these AC did not induce mRuby expression. Finally, although living Jurkat T cells overexpressing 5-LO did not activate PPARγ in macrophages, mRuby expression was significantly increased when AC were generated from 5-LO overexpressing compared with wild-type Jurkat cells. Conclusion: Our results suggest that induction of apoptosis activates 5-LO, localizing to lipid rafts, necessary for PPARγ activation in macrophages. Therefore, it will be challenging to determine whether 5-LO activity in AC, generated from other cell types, correlates with PPARγ activation, contributing to an immune-suppressed phenotype in macrophages.

Sphingosine 1-phosphate modulates antigen capture by murine langerhans cells via the S1P2 receptor subtype (2012)

Lukasz Japtok Katrin Schaper Wolfgang Bäumer Heinfried Hermann Radeke Se Kyoo Jeong Burkhard Kleuser

Dendritic cells (DCs) play a pivotal role in the development of cutaneous contact hypersensitivity (CHS) and atopic dermatitis as they capture and process antigen and present it to T lymphocytes in the lymphoid organs. Recently, it has been indicated that a topical application of the sphingolipid sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) prevents the inflammatory response in CHS, but the molecular mechanism is not fully elucidated. Here we indicate that treatment of mice with S1P is connected with an impaired antigen uptake by Langerhans cells (LCs), the initial step of CHS. Most of the known actions of S1P are mediated by a family of five specific G protein-coupled receptors. Our results indicate that S1P inhibits macropinocytosis of the murine LC line XS52 via S1P2 receptor stimulation followed by a reduced phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) activity. As down-regulation of S1P2 not only diminished S1P-mediated action but also enhanced the basal activity of LCs on antigen capture, an autocrine action of S1P has been assumed. Actually, S1P is continuously produced by LCs and secreted via the ATP binding cassette transporter ABCC1 to the extracellular environment. Consequently, inhibition of ABCC1, which decreased extracellular S1P levels, markedly increased the antigen uptake by LCs. Moreover, stimulation of sphingosine kinase activity, the crucial enzyme for S1P formation, is connected not only with enhanced S1P levels but also with diminished antigen capture. These results indicate that S1P is essential in LC homeostasis and influences skin immunity. This is of importance as previous reports suggested an alteration of S1P levels in atopic skin lesions.

Consequences of altered eicosanoid patterns for nociceptive processing in mPGES-1-deficient mice (2007)

Christian Brenneis Ovidiu Coste Ronald Schmidt Carlo Federico Angioni Laura Popp Rolf M. Nusing Wiebke Becker Klaus Scholich Gerd Geisslinger

Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2)-dependent prostaglandin (PG) E2 synthesis in the spinal cord plays a major role in the development of inflammatory hyperalgesia and allodynia. Microsomal PGE2 synthase-1 (mPGES-1) isomerizes COX-2-derived PGH2 to PGE2. Here, we evaluated the effect of mPGES-1-deficiency on the noci-ceptive behavior in various models of nociception that depend on PGE2 synthesis. Surprisingly, in the COX-2-dependent zymosan-evoked hyperalgesia model, the nociceptive behavior was not reduced in mPGES-1-deficient mice despite a marked decrease of the spinal PGE2 synthesis. Similarly, the nociceptive behavior was unaltered in mPGES-1-deficient mice in the formalin test. Importantly, spinal cords and primary spinal cord cells derived from mPGES-1-deficient mice showed a redirection of the PGE2 synthesis to PGD2, PGF2α and 6-keto-PGF1α (stable metabolite of PGI2). Since the latter prostaglandins serve also as mediators of noci-ception they may compensate the loss of PGE2 synthesis in mPGES-1-deficient mice.

Interleukin-22 predicts severity and death in advanced liver cirrhosis: a prospective cohort study (2012)

Bernd Kronenberger Ina Rudloff Malte Bachmann Friederike Brunner Lisa Kapper Natalie Filmann Oliver Waidmann Eva Herrmann Josef Martin Pfeilschifter Stefan Zeuzem Albrecht Piiper Heiko Mühl

Background: Interleukin-22 (IL-22), recently identified as a crucial parameter of pathology in experimental liver damage, may determine survival in clinical end-stage liver disease. Systematic analysis of serum IL-22 in relation to morbidity and mortality of patients with advanced liver cirrhosis has not been performed so far. Methods: This is a prospective cohort study including 120 liver cirrhosis patients and 40 healthy donors to analyze systemic levels of IL-22 in relation to survival and hepatic complications. Results: A total of 71% of patients displayed liver cirrhosis-related complications at study inclusion. A total of 23% of the patients died during a mean follow-up of 196 +/- 165 days. Systemic IL-22 was detectable in 74% of patients but only in 10% of healthy donors (P <0.001). Elevated levels of IL-22 were associated with ascites (P = 0.006), hepatorenal syndrome (P <0.0001), and spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (P = 0.001). Patients with elevated IL-22 (>18 pg/ml, n = 57) showed significantly reduced survival compared to patients with regular ([less than or equal to]18 pg/ml) levels of IL-22 (321 days versus 526 days, P = 0.003). Other factors associated with overall survival were high CRP ([greater than or equal to]2.9 mg/dl, P = 0.005, hazard ratio (HR) 0.314, confidence interval (CI) (0.141 to 0.702)), elevated serum creatinine (P = 0.05, HR 0.453, CI (0.203 to 1.012)), presence of liver-related complications (P = 0.028, HR 0.258 CI (0.077 to 0.862)), model of end stage liver disease (MELD) score [greater than or equal to]20 (P = 0.017, HR 0.364, CI (0.159 to 0.835)) and age (P = 0.011, HR 1.047, CI (1.011 to 1.085)). Adjusted multivariate Cox proportional-hazards analysis identified elevated systemic IL-22 levels as independent predictors of reduced survival (P = 0.007, HR 0.218, CI (0.072 to 0.662)). Conclusions: In patients with liver cirrhosis, elevated systemic IL-22 levels are predictive for reduced survival independently from age, liver-related complications, CRP, creatinine and the MELD score. Thus, processes that lead to a rise in systemic interleukin-22 may be relevant for prognosis of advanced liver cirrhosis.

Untersuchungen zur Steigerung der rekombinanten Expression von FVIII auf transkriptioneller und posttranskriptioneller Ebene (2007)

Stefan Heinz

Der Mangel von Faktor VIII (FVIII) führt zur häufigsten Gerinnungsstörung, der Hämophilie A. Die rekombinante Expression von FVIII für gentherapeutische Ansätze oder zur Herstellung von FVIII ist zwei bis drei Größenordnungen niedriger verglichen mit anderen Proteinen vergleichbarer Größe. Die Ursachen für die geringe Expression liegen zum großen Teil an der ineffizienten Transkription und dem ineffizientem intrazellulären Transport. (1) Im Rahmen der Untersuchung der FVIII-Sekretion, konnte durch Verwendung von FVIII-GFP Fusionsproteinen zum ersten Mal gezeigt werden, wie FVIII in lebenden Zellen transportiert wird. Außerdem wurde anhand von vergleichenden Immunfluoreszensfärbungen, FVIII-Messungen und Westernblotanalysen demonstriert, dass weder bei der B-Domäne deletierten noch bei der Volllängenvariante signifikante Unterschiede zwischen den GFP-fusionierten und Wildtyp-FVIII-Varianten messbar waren. Offensichtlich wird die Funktionalität von FVIII durch die C-terminal fusionierte GFP-Domäne nicht eingeschränkt. In ersten Lebendzellanalysen konnte gezeigt werden, dass sich FVIII in primären Zellen und Zelllinien hauptsächlich im ER befindet und eine für lumenale ER-Proteine charakteristischen Mobilität aufweist. Beim frühen sekretorischen Transport zeigte sich bei Temperaturblock-Experimenten eine verlängerte Dauer der Akkumulation in ER-Exit-Sites und eine vergleichsweise niedrige Frequenz von ER-Golgi-Bewegungen. Es konnte zum ersten Mal der Nachweis von FVIII-Transport durch vesikuläre tubuläre Cluster erbracht werden. Die Ergebnisse deuten darauf hin, dass der möglicherweise durch Faltungsprobleme blockierte Austritt aus dem ER das Hauptproblem des ineffizienten FVIII-Transports zu sein scheint und weniger der intrazelluläre Transport an sich. Mittels siRNA-Silencing wurde außerdem die überwiegende Beteiligung von COPI am intrazellulären Transport von FVIII deutlich, dessen Herunterregulierung zu einer 78 prozentigen Reduktion der FVIII-Sekretion im Gegensatz zu 32 Prozent bei COPII führte. Dagegen konnte durch Herunterregulierung der Expression der p24-Cargo-Rezeptor Familienmitglieder p24 und p26 und der Clathrin Adapterproteine µ- und -Adaptin bzw. durch physiologischen Knock-out im Falle von ER-Exit-Rezeptor MCFD2 kein Einfluß auf die FVIII-Sekretion festgestellt werden. (2) Als Alternative zu dem ineffizienten FVIII-Expressionsystem in unphysiologischen Zelllinien, bieten primäre Endothelzellen den Vorteil einer hocheffizienten FVIII-Sekretion. Zur Verwendung bei der rekombinanten Produktion benötigt man allerdings eine kontinuierlich wachsende gut charakterisierte Zelllinie. Zur Immortalisierung wurden aus Nabelschnurblut gewonnene Endothelprogenitorzellen mit der aktiven Untereinheit der humanen Telomerase (hTERT) transduziert. Trotz erfolgreicher Transduktion und langfristiger Expression von hTERT, welche im TRAP-Assay normale Aktivität zeigte, gingen die Zellen nach der natürlichen Teilungsspanne in die Seneszenz über. Möglicherweise wird noch ein weiteres Immortalisierungsgen benötigt oder hTERT ist durch die ektopischen Expression in diesen Endothelzellen nicht funktionell. (3) Der Einsatz hämatopoetischer Stammzellen für gentherapeutische Ansätze zur Expression von humanen FVIII ist bislang aufgrund niedriger Expressionseffizienz der Vektoren limitiert. Es wurden daher die Kombinationen verschiedener transkriptioneller und posttranskriptioneller Elemente in FVIII-Expressionsvektoren ausgetestet. Hierbei zeigte sich, dass die Verwendung einer 5’ untranslatierten Region (5’UTR) des hämatopoetisch exprimierten FXIIIA-Gens die FVIII-Sekretion in verschiedenen Zelllinien und primären Zellen deutlich steigerte. Am stärksten war die Wirkung in primären Monozyten, in denen die FVIII-Expression den 6fachen Wert im Vergleich zum Ursprungsvektor ohne 5’UTR erreichte. Leberzellen stellen weitere attraktive Zielzellen für gentherapeutische Ansätze dar, da Sie den primären physiologischen Ort der FVIII-Synthese darstellen. Die häufig für Gentherapievektoren verwendeten ubiquitär exprimierenden viralen Promotoren bewirken zwar hohe Expression in den transduzierten Zellen, haben allerdings den Nachteil durch ektopische Expression vermehrt Immunantworten auszulösen und durch starke Interaktion mit benachbarten Promotoren der Integrationsstelle im Genom möglicherweise tumorgene Effekte zu verursachen. Bei der Untersuchung verschiedener physiologischer Promotoren im Vergleich zum viralen CMV Promotor in Leberzellen konnte mit dem zum ersten mal getesteten minimalen FVIII-Promoter in einem lentiviralen Vektor der dritten Generation in Leberzelllinien eine vergleichsweise hohe Expression von 0,5 IU/ml FVIII /106 Zellen erzielt werden. Der FVIII-Promoter ist daher geeignet für eine lebergerichtete Expression und minimiert dabei das potentielle Risiko der häufig verwendeten ubiquitären viralen Promotoren.

Target-specific glioma therapy in an immunocompetent mouse model : meeting abstract (2006)

J. Weissenberger

Objective: Establishment of an immunocompetent mouse model representing the typical progressive stages observed in malignant human gliomas for the in vivo evaluation of novel target-specific regimens. Methods: Isolated clones from tumours that arose spontaneously in GFAP-v-src transgenic mice were used to develop a transplantable brain tumour model in syngeneic B6C3F1 mice. STAT3 protein was knocked down by infection of tumour cells with replication-defective lentivirus encoding STAT3-siRNA. Apoptosis is designed to be induced by soluble recombinant TRAIL + chemical Bcl-2/Bcl-xL inhibitors. Results: Striatal implantation of 105 mouse tumour cells resulted in the robust development of microscopically (2 – 3 mm) infiltrating malignant gliomas. Immunohistochemically, the gliomas displayed the astroglial marker GFAP and the oncogenic form of STAT3 (Tyr-705-phosphorylated) which is found in many malignancies including gliomas. Phosphorylated STAT3 was particularly prominent in the nucleus but was also found at the plasma membrane of peripherally infiltrating glioma cells. To evaluate the role of STAT3 in tumour progression, we stably expressed siRNA against STAT3 in several murine glioma cell lines. The effect of STAT3 depletion on proliferation, invasion and survival will be first assessed in vitro and subsequently after transplantation in vivo. Upstream and downstream components of the STAT3 signalling pathway as well as possible non-specific side effects of STAT3-siRNA expression after lentiviral infection will be examined, too. Conclusions: Its high rate of engraftment, its similarity to the malignant glioma of origin, and its rapid locally invasive growth should make this murine model useful in testing novel therapies for malignant gliomas.

Quick discrimination of A delta and C fiber mediated pain based on three verbal descriptors (2010)

Florian Beißner Amadeus Brandau Christian Henke Lisa Felden Ulf Baumgärtner Rolf-Detlef Treede Bruno Georg Oertel Jörn Lötsch

Background: A delta and C fibers are the major pain-conducting nerve fibers, activate only partly the same brain areas, and are differently involved in pain syndromes. Whether a stimulus excites predominantly A delta or C fibers is a commonly asked question in basic pain research but a quick test was lacking so far. Methodology/Principal Findings: Of 77 verbal descriptors of pain sensations, "pricking", "dull" and "pressing" distinguished best (95% cases correctly) between A delta fiber mediated (punctate pressure produced by means of von Frey hairs) and C fiber mediated (blunt pressure) pain, applied to healthy volunteers in experiment 1. The sensation was assigned to A delta fibers when "pricking" but neither "dull" nor "pressing" were chosen, and to C fibers when the sum of the selections of "dull" or "pressing" was greater than that of the selection of "pricking". In experiment 2, with an independent cohort, the three-descriptor questionnaire achieved sensitivity and specificity above 0.95 for distinguishing fiber preferential non-mechanical induced pain (laser heat, exciting A delta fibers, and 5-Hz electric stimulation, exciting C fibers). Conclusion: A three-item verbal rating test using the words "pricking", "dull", and "pressing" may provide sufficient information to characterize a pain sensation evoked by a physical stimulus as transmitted via A delta or via C fibers. It meets the criteria of a screening test by being easy to administer, taking little time, being comfortable in handling, and inexpensive while providing high specificity for relevant information.

Sulindac sulfide reverses aberrant self-renewal of progenitor cells induced by the AML-associated fusion proteins PML/RARalpha and PLZF/RARalpha (2011)

Gunnar Steinert Claudia Oancea Jessica Roos Heike Hagemeyer Thorsten Maier Martin Ruthardt Elena Puccetti

Chromosomal translocations can lead to the formation of chimeric genes encoding fusion proteins such as PML/RARalpha, PLZF/RARalpha, and AML-1/ETO, which are able to induce and maintain acute myeloid leukemia (AML). One key mechanism in leukemogenesis is increased self renewal of leukemic stem cells via aberrant activation of the Wnt signaling pathway. Either X-RAR, PML/RARalpha and PLZF/RARalpha or AML-1/ETO activate Wnt signaling by upregulating gamma-catenin and beta-catenin. In a prospective study, a lower risk of leukemia was observed with aspirin use, which is consistent with numerous studies reporting an inverse association of aspirin with other cancers. Furthermore, a reduction in leukemia risk was associated with use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), where the effects on AML risk was FAB subtype-specific. To better investigate whether NSAID treatment is effective, we used Sulindac Sulfide in X-RARalpha-positive progenitor cell models. Sulindac Sulfide (SSi) is a derivative of Sulindac, a NSAID known to inactivate Wnt signaling. We found that SSi downregulated both beta-catenin and gamma-catenin in X-RARalpha-expressing cells and reversed the leukemic phenotype by reducing stem cell capacity and increasing differentiation potential in X-RARalpha-positive HSCs. The data presented herein show that SSi inhibits the leukemic cell growth as well as hematopoietic progenitors cells (HPCs) expressing PML/RARalpha, and it indicates that Sulindac is a valid molecular therapeutic approach that should be further validated using in vivo leukemia models and in clinical settings.

Reduced TRPC channel expression in psoriatic keratinocytes is associated with impaired differentiation and enhanced proliferation (2011)

Kristina Leuner Margarethe Kraus Ute Woelfle Heike A. Beschmann Christian Harteneck Wolf-Henning Boehncke Christoph Mathis Schempp Walter E. Müller

Psoriasis is a characteristic inflammatory and scaly skin condition with typical histopathological features including increased proliferation and hampered differentiation of keratinocytes. The activation of innate and adaptive inflammatory cellular immune responses is considered to be the main trigger factor of the epidermal changes in psoriatic skin. However, the molecular players that are involved in enhanced proliferation and impaired differentiation of psoriatic keratinocytes are only partly understood. One important factor that regulates differentiation on the cellular level is Ca2+. In normal epidermis, a Ca2+ gradient exists that is disturbed in psoriatic plaques, favoring impaired keratinocyte proliferation. Several TRPC channels such as TRPC1, TRPC4, or TRPC6 are key proteins in the regulation of high [Ca2+]ex induced differentiation. Here, we investigated if TRPC channel function is impaired in psoriasis using calcium imaging, RT-PCR, western blot analysis and immunohistochemical staining of skin biopsies. We demonstrated substantial defects in Ca2+ influx in psoriatic keratinocytes in response to high extracellular Ca2+ levels, associated with a downregulation of all TRPC channels investigated, including TRPC6 channels. As TRPC6 channel activation can partially overcome this Ca2+ entry defect, specific TRPC channel activators may be potential new drug candidates for the topical treatment of psoriasis.

Complement factor H-related proteins CFHR2 and CFHR5 represent novel ligands for the infection-associated CRASP proteins of Borrelia burgdorferi (2010)

Corinna Siegel Teresia Hallström Christine Skerka Hannes Eberhardt Barbara Uzonyi Tobias Beckhaus Michael Karas Reinhard Wallich Brian Stevenson Peter F. Zipfel Peter Kraiczy

Background: One virulence property of Borrelia burgdorferi is its resistance to innate immunity, in particular to complement-mediated killing. Serum-resistant B. burgdorferi express up to five distinct complement regulator-acquiring surface proteins (CRASP) which interact with complement regulator factor H (CFH) and factor H-like protein 1 (FHL1) or factor H-related protein 1 (CFHR1). In the present study we elucidate the role of the infection-associated CRASP-3 and CRASP-5 protein to serve as ligands for additional complement regulatory proteins as well as for complement resistance of B. burgdorferi. Methodology/Principal Findings: To elucidate whether CRASP-5 and CRASP-3 interact with various human proteins, both borrelial proteins were immobilized on magnetic beads. Following incubation with human serum, bound proteins were eluted and separated by Glycine-SDS-PAGE. In addition to CFH and CFHR1, complement regulators CFHR2 and CFHR5 were identified as novel ligands for both borrelial proteins by employing MALDI-TOF. To further assess the contributions of CRASP-3 and CRASP-5 to complement resistance, a serum-sensitive B. garinii strain G1 which lacks all CFH-binding proteins was used as a valuable model for functional analyses. Both CRASPs expressed on the B. garinii outer surface bound CFH as well as CFHR1 and CFHR2 in ELISA. In contrast, live B. garinii bound CFHR1, CFHR2, and CFHR5 and only miniscute amounts of CFH as demonstrated by serum adsorption assays and FACS analyses. Further functional analysis revealed that upon NHS incubation, CRASP-3 or CRASP-5 expressing borreliae were killed by complement. Conclusions/Significance: In the absence of CFH and the presence of CFHR1, CFHR2 and CFHR5, assembly and integration of the membrane attack complex was not efficiently inhibited indicating that CFH in co-operation with CFHR1, CFHR2 and CFHR5 supports complement evasion of B. burgdorferi.

Medizin

Refine

Author

Year of publication

Document Type

Language

Keywords

Institute

19 search hits