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Cysteinyl leukotriene receptor 1 antagonists (CysLT1RA) are frequently used as add-on medication for the treatment of asthma. Recently, these compounds have shown protective effects in cardiovascular diseases. This prompted us to investigate their influence on soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) and peroxisome proliferator activated receptor (PPAR) activities, two targets known to play an important role in CVD and the metabolic syndrome. Montelukast, pranlukast and zafirlukast inhibited human sEH with IC50 values of 1.9, 14.1, and 0.8 μM, respectively. In contrast, only montelukast and zafirlukast activated PPARγ in the reporter gene assay with EC50 values of 1.17 μM (21.9% max. activation) and 2.49 μM (148% max. activation), respectively. PPARα and δ were not affected by any of the compounds. The activation of PPARγ was further investigated in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Analysis of lipid accumulation, mRNA and protein expression of target genes as well as PPARγ phosphorylation revealed that montelukast was not able to induce adipocyte differentiation. In contrast, zafirlukast triggered moderate lipid accumulation compared to rosiglitazone and upregulated PPARγ target genes. In addition, we found that montelukast and zafirlukast display antagonistic activities concerning recruitment of the PPARγ cofactor CBP upon ligand binding suggesting that both compounds act as PPARγ modulators. In addition, zafirlukast impaired the TNFα triggered phosphorylation of PPARγ2 on serine 273. Thus, zafirlukast is a novel dual sEH/PPARγ modulator representing an excellent starting point for the further development of this compound class.
In the past, the genetically diabetic-obese diabetes/diabetes (db/db) and obese/obese (ob/ob) mouse strains were used to investigate mechanisms of diabetes-impaired wound healing. Here we determined patterns of skin repair in genetically normal C57Bl/6J mice that were fed using a high fat diet (HFD) to induce a diabetes-obesity syndrome. Wound closure was markedly delayed in HFD-fed mice compared to mice which had received a standard chow diet (CD). Impaired wound tissue of HFD mice showed a marked prolongation of wound inflammation. Expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) was delayed and associated with the disturbed formation of wound margin epithelia and an impaired angiogenesis in the reduced granulation tissue. Normal wound contraction was retarded and disordered. Wound disorders in obese C57Bl/6J mice were paralleled by a prominent degradation of the inhibitor of NFκB (IκB-α) in the absence of an Akt activation. By contrast to impaired wound conditions in ob/ob mice, late wounds of HFD mice did not develop a chronic inflammatory state and were epithelialized after 11 days of repair. Thus, only genetically obese and diabetic ob/ob mice finally developed chronic wounds and therefore represent a better suited experimental model to investigate diabetes-induced wound healing disorders.
Background: Oral anticoagulant therapy (OAT) with warfarin is the standard of stroke prevention in patients with atrial fibrillation. Approximately 30% of patients with cardioembolic strokes are on OAT at the time of symptom onset. We investigated whether warfarin exacerbates the risk of thrombolysis-associated hemorrhagic transformation (HT) in a mouse model of ischemic stroke.
Methods: 62 C57BL/6 mice were used for this study. To achieve effective anticoagulation, warfarin was administered orally. We performed right middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) for 3 h and assessed functional deficit and HT blood volume after 24 h.
Results: In non-anticoagulated mice, treatment with rt-PA (10 mg/kg i.v.) after 3 h MCAO led to a 5-fold higher degree of HT compared to vehicle-treated controls (4.0±0.5 µl vs. 0.8±0.1, p<0.001). Mice on warfarin revealed larger amounts of HT after rt-PA treatment in comparison to non-anticoagulated mice (9.2±3.2 µl vs. 2.8±1.0, p<0.05). The rapid reversal of anticoagulation by means of prothrombin complex concentrates (PCC, 100 IU/kg) at the end of the 3 h MCAO period, but prior to rt-PA administration, neutralized the exacerbated risk of HT as compared to sham-treated controls (3.8±0.7 µl vs. 15.0±3.8, p<0.001).
Conclusion: In view of the vastly increased risk of HT, it seems to be justified to withhold tPA therapy in effectively anticoagulated patients with acute ischemic stroke. The rapid reversal of anticoagulation with PCC prior to tPA application reduces the risk attributed to warfarin pretreatment and may constitute an interesting therapeutic option.
Changes in vitamin D serum levels have been associated with inflammatory diseases, such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, multiple sclerosis (MS), atherosclerosis, or asthma. Genome- and transcriptome-wide studies indicate that vitamin D signaling modulates many inflammatory responses on several levels. This includes (i) the regulation of the expression of genes which generate pro-inflammatory mediators, such as cyclooxygenases or 5-lipoxygenase, (ii) the interference with transcription factors, such as NF-κB, which regulate the expression of inflammatory genes and (iii) the activation of signaling cascades, such as MAP kinases which mediate inflammatory responses. Vitamin D targets various tissues and cell types, a number of which belong to the immune system, such as monocytes/macrophages, dendritic cells (DCs) as well as B- and T cells, leading to individual responses of each cell type. One hallmark of these specific vitamin D effects is the cell-type specific regulation of genes involved in the regulation of inflammatory processes and the interplay between vitamin D signaling and other signaling cascades involved in inflammation. An important task in the near future will be the elucidation of the regulatory mechanisms that are involved in the regulation of inflammatory responses by vitamin D on the molecular level by the use of techniques such as chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP), ChIP-seq, and FAIRE-seq.
Der Mangel von Faktor VIII (FVIII) führt zur häufigsten Gerinnungsstörung, der Hämophilie A. Die rekombinante Expression von FVIII für gentherapeutische Ansätze oder zur Herstellung von FVIII ist zwei bis drei Größenordnungen niedriger verglichen mit anderen Proteinen vergleichbarer Größe. Die Ursachen für die geringe Expression liegen zum großen Teil an der ineffizienten Transkription und dem ineffizientem intrazellulären Transport. (1) Im Rahmen der Untersuchung der FVIII-Sekretion, konnte durch Verwendung von FVIII-GFP Fusionsproteinen zum ersten Mal gezeigt werden, wie FVIII in lebenden Zellen transportiert wird. Außerdem wurde anhand von vergleichenden Immunfluoreszensfärbungen, FVIII-Messungen und Westernblotanalysen demonstriert, dass weder bei der B-Domäne deletierten noch bei der Volllängenvariante signifikante Unterschiede zwischen den GFP-fusionierten und Wildtyp-FVIII-Varianten messbar waren. Offensichtlich wird die Funktionalität von FVIII durch die C-terminal fusionierte GFP-Domäne nicht eingeschränkt. In ersten Lebendzellanalysen konnte gezeigt werden, dass sich FVIII in primären Zellen und Zelllinien hauptsächlich im ER befindet und eine für lumenale ER-Proteine charakteristischen Mobilität aufweist. Beim frühen sekretorischen Transport zeigte sich bei Temperaturblock-Experimenten eine verlängerte Dauer der Akkumulation in ER-Exit-Sites und eine vergleichsweise niedrige Frequenz von ER-Golgi-Bewegungen. Es konnte zum ersten Mal der Nachweis von FVIII-Transport durch vesikuläre tubuläre Cluster erbracht werden. Die Ergebnisse deuten darauf hin, dass der möglicherweise durch Faltungsprobleme blockierte Austritt aus dem ER das Hauptproblem des ineffizienten FVIII-Transports zu sein scheint und weniger der intrazelluläre Transport an sich. Mittels siRNA-Silencing wurde außerdem die überwiegende Beteiligung von COPI am intrazellulären Transport von FVIII deutlich, dessen Herunterregulierung zu einer 78 prozentigen Reduktion der FVIII-Sekretion im Gegensatz zu 32 Prozent bei COPII führte. Dagegen konnte durch Herunterregulierung der Expression der p24-Cargo-Rezeptor Familienmitglieder p24 und p26 und der Clathrin Adapterproteine µ- und -Adaptin bzw. durch physiologischen Knock-out im Falle von ER-Exit-Rezeptor MCFD2 kein Einfluß auf die FVIII-Sekretion festgestellt werden. (2) Als Alternative zu dem ineffizienten FVIII-Expressionsystem in unphysiologischen Zelllinien, bieten primäre Endothelzellen den Vorteil einer hocheffizienten FVIII-Sekretion. Zur Verwendung bei der rekombinanten Produktion benötigt man allerdings eine kontinuierlich wachsende gut charakterisierte Zelllinie. Zur Immortalisierung wurden aus Nabelschnurblut gewonnene Endothelprogenitorzellen mit der aktiven Untereinheit der humanen Telomerase (hTERT) transduziert. Trotz erfolgreicher Transduktion und langfristiger Expression von hTERT, welche im TRAP-Assay normale Aktivität zeigte, gingen die Zellen nach der natürlichen Teilungsspanne in die Seneszenz über. Möglicherweise wird noch ein weiteres Immortalisierungsgen benötigt oder hTERT ist durch die ektopischen Expression in diesen Endothelzellen nicht funktionell. (3) Der Einsatz hämatopoetischer Stammzellen für gentherapeutische Ansätze zur Expression von humanen FVIII ist bislang aufgrund niedriger Expressionseffizienz der Vektoren limitiert. Es wurden daher die Kombinationen verschiedener transkriptioneller und posttranskriptioneller Elemente in FVIII-Expressionsvektoren ausgetestet. Hierbei zeigte sich, dass die Verwendung einer 5’ untranslatierten Region (5’UTR) des hämatopoetisch exprimierten FXIIIA-Gens die FVIII-Sekretion in verschiedenen Zelllinien und primären Zellen deutlich steigerte. Am stärksten war die Wirkung in primären Monozyten, in denen die FVIII-Expression den 6fachen Wert im Vergleich zum Ursprungsvektor ohne 5’UTR erreichte. Leberzellen stellen weitere attraktive Zielzellen für gentherapeutische Ansätze dar, da Sie den primären physiologischen Ort der FVIII-Synthese darstellen. Die häufig für Gentherapievektoren verwendeten ubiquitär exprimierenden viralen Promotoren bewirken zwar hohe Expression in den transduzierten Zellen, haben allerdings den Nachteil durch ektopische Expression vermehrt Immunantworten auszulösen und durch starke Interaktion mit benachbarten Promotoren der Integrationsstelle im Genom möglicherweise tumorgene Effekte zu verursachen. Bei der Untersuchung verschiedener physiologischer Promotoren im Vergleich zum viralen CMV Promotor in Leberzellen konnte mit dem zum ersten mal getesteten minimalen FVIII-Promoter in einem lentiviralen Vektor der dritten Generation in Leberzelllinien eine vergleichsweise hohe Expression von 0,5 IU/ml FVIII /106 Zellen erzielt werden. Der FVIII-Promoter ist daher geeignet für eine lebergerichtete Expression und minimiert dabei das potentielle Risiko der häufig verwendeten ubiquitären viralen Promotoren.
First paragraph (this article has no abstract) Persistent stimulation of nociceptors results in sensitization of nociceptive sensory neurons, which is associated with hyperalgesia and allodynia. The release of NO and subsequent synthesis of cGMP in the spinal cord are involved in this process. cGMP-dependent protein kinase I (PKG-I) has been suggested to act as a downstream target of cGMP, but its exact role in nociception hadn't been characterized yet. To further evaluate the NO/cGMP/PKG-I pathway in nociception we assessed the effects of PKG-I inhibiton and activaton in the rat formalin assay and analyzed the nociceptive behavior of PKG-I-/- mice. Open access article.
Epigenetic marks critically control gene expression and thus the cellular activity state. The functions of many epigenetic modifiers in the vascular system have not yet been studied. We screened for histone modifiers in endothelial cells and observed a fairly high expression of the histone plant homeodomain finger protein 8 (PHF8). Given its high expression, we hypothesize that this histone demethylase is important for endothelial cell function. Overexpression of PHF8 catalyzed the removal of methyl-groups from histone 3 lysine 9 (H3K9) and H4K20, whereas knockdown of the enzyme increased H3K9 methylation. Knockdown of PHF8 by RNAi also attenuated endothelial proliferation and survival. As a functional readout endothelial migration and tube formation was studied. PHF8 siRNA attenuated the capacity for migration and developing of capillary-like structures. Given the impact of PHF8 on cell cycle genes, endothelial E2F transcription factors were screened, which led to the identification of the gene repressor E2F4 to be controlled by PHF8. Importantly, PHF8 maintains E2F4 but not E2F1 expression in endothelial cells. Consistently, chromatin immunoprecipitation revealed that PHF8 reduces the H3K9me2 level at the E2F4 transcriptional start site, demonstrating a direct function of PHF8 in endothelial E2F4 gene regulation. Conclusion: PHF8 by controlling E2F4 expression maintains endothelial function.
Objective: Establishment of an immunocompetent mouse model representing the typical progressive stages observed in malignant human gliomas for the in vivo evaluation of novel target-specific regimens.
Methods: Isolated clones from tumours that arose spontaneously in GFAP-v-src transgenic mice were used to develop a transplantable brain tumour model in syngeneic B6C3F1 mice. STAT3 protein was knocked down by infection of tumour cells with replication-defective lentivirus encoding STAT3-siRNA. Apoptosis is designed to be induced by soluble recombinant TRAIL + chemical Bcl-2/Bcl-xL inhibitors.
Results: Striatal implantation of 105 mouse tumour cells resulted in the robust development of microscopically (2 – 3 mm) infiltrating malignant gliomas. Immunohistochemically, the gliomas displayed the astroglial marker GFAP and the oncogenic form of STAT3 (Tyr-705-phosphorylated) which is found in many malignancies including gliomas. Phosphorylated STAT3 was particularly prominent in the nucleus but was also found at the plasma membrane of peripherally infiltrating glioma cells. To evaluate the role of STAT3 in tumour progression, we stably expressed siRNA against STAT3 in several murine glioma cell lines. The effect of STAT3 depletion on proliferation, invasion and survival will be first assessed in vitro and subsequently after transplantation in vivo. Upstream and downstream components of the STAT3 signalling pathway as well as possible non-specific side effects of STAT3-siRNA expression after lentiviral infection will be examined, too.
Conclusions: Its high rate of engraftment, its similarity to the malignant glioma of origin, and its rapid locally invasive growth should make this murine model useful in testing novel therapies for malignant gliomas.
Chromosomal translocations can lead to the formation of chimeric genes encoding fusion proteins such as PML/RARalpha, PLZF/RARalpha, and AML-1/ETO, which are able to induce and maintain acute myeloid leukemia (AML). One key mechanism in leukemogenesis is increased self renewal of leukemic stem cells via aberrant activation of the Wnt signaling pathway. Either X-RAR, PML/RARalpha and PLZF/RARalpha or AML-1/ETO activate Wnt signaling by upregulating gamma-catenin and beta-catenin. In a prospective study, a lower risk of leukemia was observed with aspirin use, which is consistent with numerous studies reporting an inverse association of aspirin with other cancers. Furthermore, a reduction in leukemia risk was associated with use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), where the effects on AML risk was FAB subtype-specific. To better investigate whether NSAID treatment is effective, we used Sulindac Sulfide in X-RARalpha-positive progenitor cell models. Sulindac Sulfide (SSi) is a derivative of Sulindac, a NSAID known to inactivate Wnt signaling. We found that SSi downregulated both beta-catenin and gamma-catenin in X-RARalpha-expressing cells and reversed the leukemic phenotype by reducing stem cell capacity and increasing differentiation potential in X-RARalpha-positive HSCs. The data presented herein show that SSi inhibits the leukemic cell growth as well as hematopoietic progenitors cells (HPCs) expressing PML/RARalpha, and it indicates that Sulindac is a valid molecular therapeutic approach that should be further validated using in vivo leukemia models and in clinical settings.
Pirinixic acid derivatives, a new class of drug candidates for a range of diseases, interfere with targets including PPARα, PPARγ, 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO), and microsomal prostaglandin and E2 synthase-1 (mPGES1). Since 5-LO, mPGES1, PPARα, and PPARγ represent potential anti-cancer drug targets, we here investigated the effects of 39 pirinixic acid derivatives on prostate cancer (PC-3) and neuroblastoma (UKF-NB-3) cell viability and, subsequently, the effects of selected compounds on drug-resistant neuroblastoma cells. Few compounds affected cancer cell viability in low micromolar concentrations but there was no correlation between the anti-cancer effects and the effects on 5-LO, mPGES1, PPARα, or PPARγ. Most strikingly, pirinixic acid derivatives interfered with drug transport by the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter ABCB1 in a drug-specific fashion. LP117, the compound that exerted the strongest effect on ABCB1, interfered in the investigated concentrations of up to 2μM with the ABCB1-mediated transport of vincristine, vinorelbine, actinomycin D, paclitaxel, and calcein-AM but not of doxorubicin, rhodamine 123, or JC-1. In silico docking studies identified differences in the interaction profiles of the investigated ABCB1 substrates with the known ABCB1 binding sites that may explain the substrate-specific effects of LP117. Thus, pirinixic acid derivatives may offer potential as drug-specific modulators of ABCB1-mediated drug transport.