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Nicht hämolytische Transfusionsreaktionen (NHTR) sind eine häufige Komplikation der Transfusion von Blut und Blutkomponenten. Als Ursachen der NHTR gelten sowohl von Leukozyten freigesetzte Zytokine, die in den Blutkomponenten enthalten sind und während der Herstellung und Lagerung freigesetzt werden, als auch durch HLA-Antikörper verursachte Reaktionen gegen Leukozytenantigene. Im Rahmen eines etablierten Hämovigilanz-Systems werden NHTR dem Blutspendedienst gemeldet. Mit den daraufhin durchgeführten Untersuchungen kann die Ursache der Transfusionsreaktion in vielen Fällen nicht geklärt werden. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurden daher die in den 10 Jahren von 1996 – 2006 gemeldeten NHTR systematisch in Bezug auf die Häufigkeit und die festgestellten Ursachen ausgewertet. Insgesamt wurden im o.g. Zeitraum 1595 Transfusionsreaktionen gemeldet, was einer Häufigkeit von 0,05% aller Transfusionen entsprach. Vor Einführung der Leukozytendepletion (2001) waren Erythrozytenkonzentrate – im Untersuchungszeitraum von 1996 – 1998 – signifikant häufiger mit einer NHTR assoziiert (4,09/10.000 Transfusionen) als Thrombozytenkonzentrate (2,64/10.000 Transfusionen) oder gefrorenes Frischplasma (2,05/10.000 Transfusionen). Vermutlich ist diese höhere NHTR-Rate bei Erythrozytenkonzentraten auf die relativ hohe Kontamination mit Leukozyten zurückzuführen. Allerdings ging die Anzahl der nicht hämolytischen Transfusionsreaktionen im Institut Frankfurt insgesamt nach Einführung der Leukozytendepletion nicht zurück. Im Gegenteil war die Häufigkeit nach Einführung der Leukozytenfiltration (5,66/10.000 Transfusionen) sogar höher als vorher (4,43/10.000 Transfusionen). Dies könnte darauf zurückzuführen sein, dass durch die gleichzeitige Einführung der gesetzlich vorgeschriebenen Meldepflicht mehr NHTR gemeldet wurden. Als weitere mögliche Ursachen einer Transfusionsreaktion wurden das in Blutbeuteln vorhandene Allergen Di(-2-ethylhexyl)phtalat (DEHP) und das in Infusionssystemen enthaltene Allergen Toluylen-2,4-diisocyanat (TDI) angesehen. Beide können im Rahmen einer Bluttransfusion den Patienten übertragen werden. Hierzu wurden 154 NHTR auf spezifische IgE-Antikörper gegen Phthalsäureanhydrid und TDI untersucht. In einem Fall konnten spezifische Antikörper gegen Phthalsäureanhydrid (CAP-Klasse 2) und in einem weiteren Fall gegen TDI (CAP-Klasse 2) ermittelt werden. Hieraus konnte jedoch nicht retrospektiv geschlossen werden, dass der jeweils vorliegende Antikörper für die NHTR verantwortlich war. Neben diesen beiden positiv getesteten Fällen wurden zusätzlich ausgewählte Transfusionsempfänger mit einer frischen und nicht geklärten NHTR (n = 12) in vitro mit verschiedenen Konzentrationen von DEHP und TDI restimuliert. In keinem der Fälle führte die Restimulation mit DEHP und TDI zu einer Degranulation basophiler Granulozyten als Ausdruck einer allergischen Reaktion. Eine allergische Reaktion von Transfusionsempfängern gegen in Beuteln oder Transfusionsbestecken enthaltenes DEHP oder TDI kann somit zwar nicht sicher ausgeschlossen werden, scheint aber als Ursache für bisher ungeklärte NHTR keine signifikante Rolle zu spielen.
Bei einigen Krankheiten bekommt die Knochenmarkstransplantation bzw. die Transplantation peripherer Blutstammzellen als Therapiemöglichkeit eine wachsende Bedeutung. Trotz aller Fortschritte birgt diese Therapieform die Gefahr von schwer zu kontrollierenden Komplikationen (Graft-versus-Host-Krankheit, Host-versus-Graft-Krankheit, lebensbedrohliche Infektionen), die die Behandlungsmöglichkeiten einschränken. Die Eigenschaften und Fähigkeiten von Natürlichen Killer-Zellen (NK-Zellen) eröffnen vielversprechende Möglichkeiten, die Komplikationen einer Stammzelltransplantation besser zu kontrollieren. Dafür ist es notwendig, NK-Zellen in möglichst reiner Form und ausreichender Menge bereitzustellen. Seit einigen Jahren stehen verschiedene immunomagnetische Antikörper zur Verfügung, mit denen Zellen gezielt selektiert oder depletiert werden können. Allerdings sind die Herstellerangaben zu Versuchsbedingungen an experimentellen Ansätzen orientiert. Um die Antikörper im klinischen Bereich in entsprechenden Größenordnungen einzusetzen, sind Versuchsansätze in klinischen Größenmaßstäben nötig. In dieser Arbeit wird eine Methode zur immunomagnetischen T-Zell-Depletion bei der Herstellung von NK-Zell-Präparaten untersucht. Mit Hilfe von monoklonalen Antikörpern werden Zellen immunomagnetisch markiert und in einem starken Magnetfeld getrennt. Es wird ein etablierter Einzelantikörper („CD3 MicroBeads“) mit einem neuen Antikörper Kit („NK isolation kit“) verglichen. In der Versuchsreihe sollen die Wahl des Antikörpers, die Antikörpermenge, und die Flussgeschwindigkeit durchs Magnetfeld (Auftraggeschwindigkeit) hinsichtlich ihres Einflusses auf die T-Zell-Depletion, die T-Zell-Restkontamination nach Depletion und den NK-Zell-Ertrag untersucht werden. Bei einem der verwendeten Antikörper („NK isolation kit“) interessiert außerdem die NK-Zell-Reinheit des resultierenden NK-Zell-Präparates. Während die T-Zell-Depletion mit dem „NK isolation kit“ tendenziell größer ist als mit „CD3 MicroBeads“, unterscheiden sich beide Antikörper nicht signifikant in der T-Zell-Restkontamination. Mit „CD3 MicroBeads“ kann allerdings eine verlässlichere T-Zell-Restkontamination mit einer geringeren Schwankungsbreite der Ergebnisse erreicht werden. Weiterhin liefern „CD3 MicroBeads“ einen signifikant höheren NK-Zell-Ertrag, da mit dem „NK isolation kit“ abhängig von der eingesetzten Antikörpermenge und der damit zusammenhängenden Antikörperkonzentration mehr NK-Zellen in der magnetischen Trennsäule verloren gehen. Dabei deutet sich an, dass bei einer höheren Auftraggeschwindigkeit der NK-Zell-Verlust geringer ist. Die Menge der eingesetzten Antikörper korreliert beim „NK isolation kit“ positiv mit der erzielten NK-Zell-Reinheit. Die vorgelegten Ergebnisse zeigen, dass sowohl mit einem Einzelantikörper („CD3 MicroBeads“) also auch mit einem Antikörper-Cocktail („NK isolation kit“) eine ausreichende Depletion von T-Zellen in einem klinischen Maßstab möglich ist. Bei beiden Verfahren kann mit einem Separationsschritt eine höhere T-Zell-Depletion erreicht werden, als mit anderen oder ähnlichen in der Literatur beschriebenen Verfahren. Während mit dem „NK isolation kit“ in einem Depletionsschritt NK-Zell-Präparate mit bis zu 90%iger Reinheit hergestellt werden können, müsste sich nach der T-Zell-Depletion mit „CD3 MicroBeads“ noch eine NK-Zell-Positivselektion anschließen. Während die Auftraggeschwindigkeit von untergeordneter Bedeutung ist, spielt die eingesetzte Antiköpermenge beim „NK isolation kit“ eine signifikante Rolle.
Immunomodulatory properties and molecular effects in inflammatory diseases of low-dose X-irradiation
(2012)
Inflammatory diseases are the result of complex and pathologically unbalanced multicellular interactions. For decades, low-dose X-irradiation therapy (LD-RT) has been clinically documented to exert an anti-inflammatory effect on benign diseases and chronic degenerative disorders. By contrast, experimental studies to confirm the effectiveness and to reveal underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms are still at their early stages. During the last decade, however, the modulation of a multitude of immunological processes by LD-RT has been explored in vitro and in vivo. These include leukocyte/endothelial cell adhesion, adhesion molecule and cytokine/chemokine expression, apoptosis induction, and mononuclear/polymorphonuclear cell metabolism and activity. Interestingly, these mechanisms display comparable dose dependences and dose-effect relationships with a maximum effect in the range between 0.3 and 0.7 Gy, already empirically identified to be most effective in the clinical routine. This review summarizes data and models exploring the mechanisms underlying the immunomodulatory properties of LD-RT that may serve as a prerequisite for further systematic analyses to optimize low-dose irradiation procedures in future clinical practice.
Rationale: Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) are important regulators of inflammation. The exact impact of ROS/RNS on cutaneous delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction (DTHR) is controversial. The aim of our study was to identify the dominant sources of ROS/RNS during acute and chronic trinitrochlorobenzene (TNCB)-induced cutaneous DTHR in mice with differently impaired ROS/RNS production.
Methods: TNCB-sensitized wild-type, NADPH oxidase 2 (NOX2)- deficient (gp91phox-/-), myeloperoxidase-deficient (MPO-/-), and inducible nitric oxide synthase-deficient (iNOS-/-) mice were challenged with TNCB on the right ear once to elicit acute DTHR and repetitively up to five times to induce chronic DTHR. We measured ear swelling responses and noninvasively assessed ROS/RNS production in vivo by employing the chemiluminescence optical imaging (OI) probe L-012. Additionally, we conducted extensive ex vivo analyses of inflamed ears focusing on ROS/RNS production and the biochemical and morphological consequences.
Results: The in vivo L-012 OI of acute and chronic DTHR revealed completely abrogated ROS/RNS production in the ears of gp91phox-/- mice, up to 90 % decreased ROS/RNS production in the ears of MPO-/- mice and unaffected ROS/RNS production in the ears of iNOS-/- mice. The DHR flow cytometry analysis of leukocytes derived from the ears with acute DTHR confirmed our in vivo L-012 OI results. Nevertheless, we observed no significant differences in the ear swelling responses among all the experimental groups. The histopathological analysis of the ears of gp91phox-/- mice with acute DTHRs revealed slightly enhanced inflammation. In contrast, we observed a moderately reduced inflammatory immune response in the ears of gp91phox-/- mice with chronic DTHR, while the inflamed ears of MPO-/- mice exhibited the strongest inflammation. Analyses of lipid peroxidation, 8-hydroxy-2'deoxyguanosine levels, redox related metabolites and genomic expression of antioxidant proteins revealed similar oxidative stress in all experimental groups. Furthermore, inflamed ears of wild-type and gp91phox-/- mice displayed neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) formation exclusively in acute but not chronic DTHR.
Conclusions: MPO and NOX2 are the dominant sources of ROS/RNS in acute and chronic DTHR. Nevertheless, depletion of one primary source of ROS/RNS exhibited only marginal but conflicting impact on acute and chronic cutaneous DTHR. Thus, ROS/RNS are not a single entity, and each species has different properties at certain stages of the disease, resulting in different outcomes.
Immunopathogenic mechanisms of autoimmune Hepatitis : how much do we know from animal models?
(2016)
Autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) is characterized by a progressive destruction of the liver parenchyma and a chronic fibrosis. The current treatment of autoimmune hepatitis is still largely dependent on the administration of corticosteroids and cytostatic drugs. For a long time the development of novel therapeutic strategies has been hampered by a lack of understanding the basic immunopathogenic mechanisms of AIH and the absence of valid animal models. However, in the past decade, knowledge from clinical observations in AIH patients and the development of innovative animal models have led to a situation where critical factors driving the disease have been identified and alternative treatments are being evaluated. Here we will review the insight on the immunopathogenesis of AIH as gained from clinical observation and from animal models.
Immunosuppressive compounds affect the fungal growth and viability of defined aspergillus species
(2019)
Immunosuppressive drugs are administered to a number of patients; e.g., to allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients. Immunosuppressive drugs impair the immune system and thus increase the risk of invasive fungal disease, but may exhibit antifungal activity at the same time. We investigated the impact of various concentrations of three commonly used immunosuppressive compounds—cyclosporin A (CsA), methylprednisolone (mPRED), and mycophenolic acid (MPA)—on the growth and viability of five clinically important Aspergillus species. Methods included disc diffusion, optical density of mycelium, and viability assays such as XTT. MPA and CsA had a species-specific and dose-dependent inhibitory effect on the growth of all Aspergillus spp. tested, although growth inhibition by MPA was highest in A. niger, A. flavus and A. brasiliensis. Both agents exhibited species-specific hyphal damage, which was higher when the immunosuppressants were added to growing conidia than to mycelium. In contrast, mPRED increased the growth of A. niger, but had no major impact on the growth and viability of any of the other Aspergillus species tested. Our findings may help to better understand the interaction of drugs with Aspergillus species and ultimately may have an impact on individualizing immunosuppressive therapy.
Despite the availability of new antifungal compounds, invasive fungal infection remains a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in children and adults undergoing allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). Allogeneic HSCT recipients suffer from a long lasting defect of different arms of the immune system, which increases the risk for and deteriorates the prognosis of invasive fungal infections. In turn, advances in understanding these immune deficits have resulted in promising strategies to enhance or restore critical immune functions in allogeneic HSCT recipients. Potential approaches include the administration of granulocytes, since neutropenia is the single most important risk factor for invasive fungal infection, and preliminary clinical results suggest a benefit of adoptively transferred donor-derived antifungal T cells. In vitro data and animal studies demonstrate an antifungal effect of natural killer cells, but clinical data are lacking to date. This review summarizes and critically discusses the available data of immunotherapeutic strategies in allogeneic HSCT recipients suffering from invasive fungal infection.
Background: Lung disease phenotype varies widely even in the F508del (homozygous) genotype. Leukocyte-driven inflammation is important for pulmonary disease pathogenesis in cystic fibrosis (CF). Blood cytokines correlate negatively with pulmonary function in F508del homozygous patients, and gap junction proteins (GJA) might be related to the influx of blood cells into the lung and influence disease course. We aimed to assess the relationship between GJA1/GJA4 genotypes and the clinical disease phenotype. Methods: One-hundred-and-sixteen homozygous F508del patients (mean age 27 years, m/f 66/50) were recruited from the CF centers of Bonn, Frankfurt, and Amsterdam. Sequence analysis was performed for GJA1 and GJA4. The clinical disease course was assessed over 3 years using pulmonary function tests, body mass index, Pseudomonas aeruginosa colonization, diabetes mellitus, survival to end-stage lung disease, blood and sputum inflammatory markers. Results: Sequence analysis revealed one clinically relevant single nucleotide polymorphism. In this GJA4 variant (rs41266431), homozygous G variant carriers (n = 84/116; 72.4%) had poorer pulmonary function (FVC% pred: mean 78/86, p < 0.040) and survival to end-stage lung disease was lower (p < 0.029). The frequency of P. aeruginosa colonization was not influenced by the genotype, but in those chronically colonized, those with the G/G genotype had reduced pulmonary function (FVC% pred: mean 67/80, p < 0.049). Serum interleukin-8 (median: 12.4/6.7 pg/ml, p < 0.052) and sputum leukocytes (2305/437.5 pg/ml, p < 0.025) were higher for the G/G genotype. Conclusions: In carriers of the A allele (27.6%) the GJA4 variant is associated with significantly better protection against end-stage lung disease and superior pulmonary function test results in F508del homozygous patients. This SNP has the potential of a modifier gene for phenotyping severity of CF lung disease, in addition to the CFTR genotype.
Clinical Trial Registration: The study was registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT04242420, retrospectively on January 24th, 2020.
Objectives: Previous studies investigating speech perception in noise have typically been conducted with static masker positions. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of spatial separation of source and masker (spatial release from masking, SRM) in a moving masker setup and to evaluate the impact of adaptive beamforming in comparison with fixed directional microphones in cochlear implant (CI) users.
Design: Speech reception thresholds (SRT) were measured in S0N0 and in a moving masker setup (S0Nmove) in 12 normal hearing participants and 14 CI users (7 subjects bilateral, 7 bimodal with a hearing aid in the contralateral ear). Speech processor settings were a moderately directional microphone, a fixed beamformer, or an adaptive beamformer. The moving noise source was generated by means of wave field synthesis and was smoothly moved in a shape of a half-circle from one ear to the contralateral ear. Noise was presented in either of two conditions: continuous or modulated.
Results: SRTs in the S0Nmove setup were significantly improved compared to the S0N0 setup for both the normal hearing control group and the bilateral group in continuous noise, and for the control group in modulated noise. There was no effect of subject group. A significant effect of directional sensitivity was found in the S0Nmove setup. In the bilateral group, the adaptive beamformer achieved lower SRTs than the fixed beamformer setting. Adaptive beamforming improved SRT in both CI user groups substantially by about 3 dB (bimodal group) and 8 dB (bilateral group) depending on masker type.
Conclusions: CI users showed SRM that was comparable to normal hearing subjects. In listening situations of everyday life with spatial separation of source and masker, directional microphones significantly improved speech perception with individual improvements of up to 15 dB SNR. Users of bilateral speech processors with both directional microphones obtained the highest benefit.
Introduction: Balanced fluid replacement solutions can possibly reduce the risks for electrolyte imbalances, for acid-base imbalances, and thus for renal failure. To assess the intraoperative change of base excess (BE) and chloride in serum after treatment with either a balanced gelatine/electrolyte solution or a non-balanced gelatine/electrolyte solution, a prospective, controlled, randomized, double-blind, dual centre phase III study was conducted in two tertiary care university hospitals in Germany.
Material and methods: 40 patients of both sexes, aged 18 to 90 years, who were scheduled to undergo elective abdominal surgery with assumed intraoperative volume requirement of at least 15 mL/kg body weight gelatine solution were included. Administration of study drug was performed intravenously according to patients need. The trigger for volume replacement was a central venous pressure (CVP) minus positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) <10 mmHg (CVP <10 mmHg). The crystalloid:colloid ratio was 1:1 intra- and postoperatively. The targets for volume replacement were a CVP between 10 and 14 mmHg minus PEEP after treatment with vasoactive agent and mean arterial pressure (MAP) > 65 mmHg.
Results: The primary endpoints, intraoperative changes of base excess –2.59 ± 2.25 (median: –2.65) mmol/L (balanced group) and –4.79 ± 2.38 (median: –4.70) mmol/L (non-balanced group)) or serum chloride 2.4 ± 1.9 (median: 3.0) mmol/L and 5.2 ± 3.1 (median: 5.0) mmol/L were significantly different (p = 0.0117 and p = 0.0045, respectively). In both groups (each n = 20) the investigational product administration in terms of volume and infusion rate was comparable throughout the course of the study, i.e. before, during and after surgery.
Discussion: Balanced gelatine solution 4% combined with a balanced electrolyte solution demonstrated significant smaller impact on blood gas analytic parameters in the primary endpoints BE and serum chloride when compared to a non-balanced gelatine solution 4% combined with NaCl 0.9%. No marked treatment differences were observed with respect to haemodynamics, coagulation and renal function.
Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT01515397) and clinicaltrialsregister.eu, EudraCT number 2010-018524-58.