72 search hits
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AStA-Zeitung Uni FFM: 01/2013
(2013)
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Fachspezifischer Anhang für den Bachelorstudiengang Theater-, Film- und
Medienwissenschaft im Hauptfach an der Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität
Frankfurt am Main vom 30. Mai 2012 : vorläufig genehmigt vom Präsidium in der Sitzung am 21. August 2012
(2012)
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AStA-Zeitung Uni FFM : Ausgabe 2 - 2012
(2012)
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AStA-Zeitung : Wahlausgabe 2012
(2012)
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Functional characterization of members of the microRNA-17-92 cluster in the vascular system
(2011)
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Carmen Döbele
- Almost two decades ago, microRNAs were discovered as novel posttranscriptional regulators of gene expression. Since then, research efforts have uncovered their involvement in the control of various cellular processes including migration, proliferation and cell survival. Even more complex events, such as the formation of new blood vessels or organ development, have been shown to be tightly regulated and orchestrated by microRNAs. Due to their crucial regulatory role in tissue homeostasis in vertebrates, it does not come as a big surprise that dysregulated microRNA ex-pression is associated with pathology of diverse diseases. In this regard, the miR-17-92 cluster is a prime example since it has become famous for its amplified expression in tumours and its on-cogenic potential. Our lab demonstrated the expression of the members of the miR-17-92 cluster, namely miR-17, -18a, -19a, -20a, -19b and -92a, in endothelial cells and provided evidence for the anti-angiogenic activity of miR-92a in ECs as well as its important regulatory role in tissue re-covery after ischemia. In this work we addressed the function of the remaining members of the miR-17-92 cluster, i.e. miR-17, miR-18a, miR-19a and miR-20a, in endothelial cells and angiogenesis. Surprisingly, the individual members all displayed anti-angiogenic properties in endothelial cells in vitro, although overexpression of the whole cluster in transformed colonocytes was shown to promote tumour angiogenesis in a mouse model. In this context, we provide evidence that the individual miRs differentially affect the paracrine angiogenic activity of endothelial and tumour cells. Moreover, Antagomir-mediated inhibition of miR-17/20 in a mouse tumour model did not affect tumour angi-ogenesis, although miR-17/20 inhibition profoundly increased vascularization of Matrigel plugs. Thus, our research efforts suggest a differential involvement of the members of the miR-17-92 cluster in physiological and tumour angiogenesis. Additionally, we identified Janus kinase (JAK) 1 as a novel miR-17 target in endothelial cells and demonstrated the involvement of JAK1 in angio-genesis and in the phosphorylation of STAT3 in response to different cytokines in vitro. Overall, inhibition of specific members of the miR-17-92 cluster might represent an attractive therapeutic strategy to enhance angiogenesis in ischemic diseases. In the second part of the present work we investigated the therapeutic value of Antagomir-mediated microRNA inhibition in animal models of pulmonary arterial hypertension. Collectively, inhibition of miR-17 by the respective Antagomir revealed a significant improvement of pulmonary hemodynamics and cardiac function in both the chronic hypoxia mouse model and the mono-crotaline-induced lung injury rat model. Histomorphometric analysis of the lungs of the pulmonary hypertensive mice and rats uncovered a significant reduction of disease associated musculariza-tion of pulmonary arteries in Antagomir-17 treated animals compared to the control animals indicating interference with smooth muscle cell proliferation or survival. Probing of lung tissue of the pulmonary hypertensive rats for selected miR-17 targets uncovered a profound increase in the expression of the cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor p21 in the Antagomir-17 treated rats suggest-ing that inhibition of miR-17 impairs proliferation by impeding cell cycle progression. Analysis of miR-17 function in human smooth muscle cells in vitro corroborated the results from the animal experiments by demonstrating pro-proliferative activity of miR-17 and decreased levels of p21 in these cells. Collectively, our results indicate that Antagomir-17 improves pulmonary hemodyna-mics and cardiac function by interfering with vascular remodelling within the lung. Hence, inhibi-tion of miR-17 might be of therapeutic value to ameliorate the disease pattern in pulmonary arte-rial hypertension. In summary, the present work provides insights into the regulatory functions of members of the miR-17-92 cluster, especially miR-17, in blood vessels and suggests that specific inhibition of members of the miR-17-92 cluster might be a novel option to treat vascular diseases.
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Funktionelle Analyse der Helper-Component Proteinase (HC-Pro) aus Zucchini Yellow Mosaic Virus
(2010)
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Marc W. Füllgrabe
- In dieser Arbeit wurde der Einfluss einer Punktmutation der ZYMV HC-ProFINK auf die RNA Silencing Suppressor-Aktivität und die miRNA-Akkumulation in N. benthamiana-Pflanzen untersucht. Dabei konnte eine RNA Silencing Suppressor-Aktivität der HC-ProFINK nachgewiesen werden. Sowohl die HC-ProFRNK als auch die HC-ProFINK zeigten in vivo keinen Einfluss auf die Änderung der miRNA-Mengen in N. benthamiana-Pflanzen. Untersuchungen der in vitro sRNA-Bindung mit rekombinanten HC-Pro-Proteinen aus Pflanzen führte zu einer Bindung von 21 bp siRNAs und miRNAs durch die HC-ProFRNK, wobei kein Einfluss zwischen der Anzahl und Lage der Basenfehlpaarungen der miRNAs und der Bindungskapazität identifiziert werden konnte. Diese Bindung ist vermutlich abhängig von der Sequenz der miRNAs. Die Mutation von HC-ProFRNK zu HC-ProFINK bewirkte dagegen den Verlust der Bindung von kleinen RNA-Molekülen. Die HC-Pro Proteine konnten rekombinant mit einem N-terminalen Fusionsprotein exprimiert und gereinigt werden. Die funktionelle Analyse des MBP-HA-HC-ProFRNK-Proteins wies eine längenspezifische Bindung von 21 bp siRNAs auf. Die Analyse der in vitro Bindung von unterschiedlichen miRNAs aus A. thaliana und Mensch durch das rekombinante HC-ProFRNK-Protein aus Bakterien zeigte keinen Zusammenhang zwischen der Anzahl und Lage der Basenfehlpaarungen in den miRNAs und der Bindekapazität. Die Mutation im MBP-HA-HC-ProFINK-Protein führte zum Verlust der sRNA-Bindung. Diese Ergebnisse bestätigten die Beobachtungen der Gelshift-Analysen mit den rekombinanten HC-Pro-Proteinen aus Pflanzen. Durch die Fraktionierung eines A. thaliana-Proteinextrakts konnte ein nicht näher beschriebenes Protein unbekannter Funktion, welches eine Cupin-Domäne (QP) besitzt, identifiziert werden. Dies hat einen Einfluss auf die in vitro Bindung von sRNA-Molekülen durch die HC-Pro. Eine funktionelle Analyse des Trx-QP-His-Proteins mit Hilfe von Gelshift-Analysen nach der Expression in Bakterien und Reinigung zeigte einen konzentrationsabhängigen verstärkenden Effekt der siRNA Bindung durch das rekombinante MBP-HA-HC-Pro-Protein. Die Zugabe eines fraktionierten N. benthamiana-Proteinextrakts zur in vitro Bindungsreaktion führte ebenfalls zu einer verstärkten siRNA-Bindung durch die HC-Pro; Proteinextrakte von N. tabacum und der ZYMV Wirtspflanze Zucchini zeigten jedoch keinen Effekt. Die ZYMV HC-Pro besitzt eine von der TEV HC-Pro abweichende proteolytisch aktive Domäne. Durch eine rekombinante Expression des MBP-HA-HC-Pro-GFP-Fusionsproteins in Bakterien und Deletionsanalysen konnten zwei kritische Aminosäuren im C-terminalen Bereich der HC-Pro identifiziert werden. Eine Deletion der AS Asn-353 oder Glu-356 führte zum vollständigen Verlust der autoproteolytischen Aktivität des Proteins. Ein Austausch der AS Gly-456 innerhalb der Schnittstelle sowie eine N-terminale Deletion von 93 AS der HC-Pro hatten dagegen keinen Einfluss auf die autoproteolytische Aktivität. Mit Hilfe einer N-terminalen Sequenzierung des C-terminalen Spaltproduktes des MBP HC Pro mut C7-GFP, welches vermutlich in Folge einer Spaltung durch bakterielle Proteasen entsteht, sollten durch Deletionsmutanten die kritischen Aminosäuren für die Spaltung untersucht werden. Eine Deletion der konservierten AS Thr-146 von ZYMV HC-Pro sowie der flankierenden AS Val-145 bzw. Gln-147 hatte jedoch keinen Einfluss auf die Spaltung der HC-Pro. Dies deutet darauf hin, dass die Schnittstelle der Protease von deren Erkennungssequenz abweicht. Die in dieser Arbeit erzielten Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die ZYMV HC-Pro neben der sRNA-Bindung einen weiteren Mechanismus besitzt, um die Funktion als RSS auszuüben. Weitere Analysen sind nötig, um die Interaktion mit pflanzlichen Komponenten zu identifizieren und den Einfluss auf den RNA Silencing-Mechanismus aufzuklären.
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A new model for computing the evolution of the extracellular, innercellular and membrane potential simultaneously
(2010)
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Konstantinos Xylouris
Gabriel Wittum
- Poster Presentation from Nineteenth Annual Computational Neuroscience Meeting: CNS*2010 San Antonio, TX, USA. 24-30 July 2010 In order to model extracellular potentials the Line-Source method provides [1] a very powerful and accurate approach. In this method transmembane fluxes are understood as sources for potential distributions which obey the Poission-equation with zero boundary conditions in the infinity. Its solutions reveal that the waveforms are proportional to local transmembrane net currents. The extracellular potentials are comparable small in amplitude and with the aid of their second special derivatives, it is possible to interpret them as additional fluxes to be included into the cable equation having an impact on the membrane potential of surrounding cells [2]. On this basis ephaptic interactions have been studied and have been considered to play a minor role in the network activity. This modeling study provides a new approach based on the first principle of the conservation of charges which leads to a generalized form of the cable equation taking into account the full three-dimensional detail of the cell’s geometry and the presence of the extracellular potential. So instead of coupling the compartment model and the model for extracellular potentials by means of the transmembrane currents, a non-linear system of partial differential equations is solved. Because the abstraction of deviding the cell’s geometry into compartments falls apart, it is possible to examine the contribution of the precise cell geometry to the signal processing while not neglecting the impact which could result from the extracellular potential. Some simulations of propagating action potentials on ramified geometries are going to be shown as well as the resulting distributions of extracellular action potentials.
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Influence of genetic variations in TLR4 and TIRAP/Mal on the course of sepsis and pneumonia and cytokine release: an observational study in three cohorts
(2010)
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Oliver Kumpf
Evangelos Giamarellos-Bourboulis
Alexander Koch
Lutz Hamann
Maria Mouktaroudi
Djin-Ye Oh
Eicke Latz
Eva Lorenz
David A. Schwartz
Bart Ferwerda
Christina Routsi
Chryssanthi Skalioti
Bart-Jan Kullberg
Jos WM Van der Meer
Peter M. Schlag
Mihai G. Netea
Kai Zacharowski
Ralf R. Schumann
- Introduction: It has been proposed that individual genetic variation contributes to the course of severe infections and sepsis. Recent studies of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within the endotoxin receptor and its signaling system showed an association with the risk of disease development. This study aims to examine the response associated with genetic variations of TLR4, the receptor for bacterial LPS, and a central intracellular signal transducer (TIRAP/Mal) on cytokine release and for susceptibility and course of severe hospital acquired infections in distinct patient populations. Methods: Three intensive care units in tertiary care university hospitals in Greece and Germany participated. 375 and 415 postoperative patients and 159 patients with ventilator associated pneumonia (VAP) were included. TLR4 and TIRAP/Mal polymorphisms in 375 general surgical patients were associated with risk of infection, clinical course and outcome. In two prospective studies, 415 patients following cardiac surgery and 159 patients with newly diagnosed VAP predominantly caused by Gram-negative bacteria were studied for cytokine levels in-vivo and after ex-vivo monocyte stimulation and clinical course. Results: Patients simultaneously carrying polymorphisms in TIRAP/Mal and TLR4 and patients homozygous for the TIRAP/Mal SNP had a significantly higher risk of severe infections after surgery (odds ratio (OR) 5.5; confidence interval (CI): 1.34 - 22.64; P = 0.02 and OR: 7.3; CI: 1.89 - 28.50; P < 0.01 respectively). Additionally we found significantly lower circulating cytokine levels in double-mutant individuals with ventilator associated pneumonia and reduced cytokine production in an ex-vivo monocyte stimulation assay, but this difference was not apparent in TIRAP/Mal-homozygous patients. In cardiac surgery patients without infection, the cytokine release profiles were not changed when comparing different genotypes. Conclusions: Carriers of mutations in sequential components of the TLR signaling system may have an increased risk for severe infections. Patients with this genotype showed a decrease in cytokine release when infected which was not apparent in patients with sterile inflammation following cardiac surgery.
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AStA-Zeitung : April 2010
(2010)
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AStA-Zeitung : Dezember 2010
(2010)
