BDSL-Klassifikation: 03.00.00 Literaturwissenschaft > 03.07.00 Ästhetik
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This paper is an "interested" reading of "The Critique of Judgement" – "interested", because, unlike what has become usual in recent decades, it strives to disassociate the Kantian concept of "free beauty" from any interpretation of it as an early defense of abstract art. It is also "interested" because, instead of exposing (once more) the framework of the "Kritik der Urteilskraft", it tries to show how the Third Kantian Critique can be taken as a basis for something that was not part of its original purpose: reviewing the idea of mimesis itself. For that, the understanding of the Kantian sublime (das Erhabene) will be decisive: understood initially as one of the modalities of aesthetic experience, the other being beauty, the sublime progressively distances itself from the latter. If beauty and the sublime are to be thematized independently of "determining judgement", in which the properties of the object impose themselves upon the subject, the modalities of aesthetic experience suppose, on the contrary, the primacy of the subject. This implies gradations: from the experience of harmony propitiated by beauty up through the "negative pleasure" of the sublime, both poles through which reality is reworked by the subject. At the pole of beauty, "representation" of reality still plays a prominent role. At the pole of the "negative pleasure" of the sublime, "representation" is subordinated to the power of "presentation". However, both kinds of experience, the one of beauty and the other of the sublime, belong to the same field of aesthetic experience, because in both of them the subject reworks – does not discard – what comes to him from the outside: it will be necessary to understand "Vorstellung" always as an experience in which the exterior will be transformed by the subject. That is, the representation of the Third Critic will always be an effectual representation. In the sublime as much as in "free beauty", the metamophosis of the exterior by the subject achieves its maximum level without meaning that the external pole – that we usually call "world" or "reality" – disappears. It will thus be necessary to rethink the concept of mimesis in order to understand the metamorphosis of the world performed by radicalization of the aesthetic experience through "free beauty".
Es gibt Sätze, die Lächeln als physiognomische Ausdrucksform überlegener Distanz zu erzwingen scheinen. Einen solchen Satz erkenne ich in einen Diktum, das Max Weber in seiner Rede Wissenschaft als Beruf 1917 nennt und das Helmuth Plessner 1924 in seiner Schrift Grenzen der Gemeinschaft1 zitiert: "Bedenkt, der Teufel, der ist alt, so werdet alt, ihn zu verstehen."
Plessner erinnert in der gleichen Schrift auch an eine Variation des Satzes, die lautet "Wer mit dem Teufel isst, muss einen langen Löffel haben." Beide Sprichwörter sind 1919 (angesichts der Bürgerkriegssituation) und 1924 (zu Beginn der Stabilisierungsphase, wo dies eigentlich gar nicht mehr nötig ist) gegen die Ungeduld der Jugend, die revolutionäre Neigungen hegt, gerichtet. Sie unterstreichen die Notwendigkeit, sich in die faktischen Züge des Gegners zu versenken, um in kühlem Verstande und gehöriger Distanz ihre Reichweite abschätzen zu können, statt die feindliche Macht durch unbeherrschte Affekte, durch Entrüstung oder Flucht zu stärken. Es ist im Übrigen ein Lächeln, das, wie jedes Lächeln erwachsener Kombattanten, keinen ausgeprägten motorischen Impulswert ausstrahlt. Man wird bei solchen Verlautbarungen mit leicht asymmetrischen Gesichtszügen rechnen. Die Aufhebung der Augenpartie steht in einem merkwürdigen Widerspruch zu den Mundwinkeln, die sich weigern, Heiterkeit zu mimen. Der Zygomaticus-Muskel zieht diesmal den Mund nicht nach oben und zurück, wodurch normalerweise physiologisch die Bühne für ein glückliches Lächeln bereitet wird. Für Helmuth Plessner, dessen Theorie des Lächelns wir bald behandeln werden, lag diese Asymmetrie des Mienenspiels im Schiefen der Situation. Plessner vermutet sogar, dass die Physiologen Recht haben könnten, wenn sie behaupten, dass Lächeln immer dann entstehe, wenn die durchschnittliche Gespanntheit der mimischen Muskulatur nur einer Enthemmung bedürfe, um in Lächeln überzugehen. Er beruft sich dabei auf den niederländischen Wissenschaftler Buytendijk, für den das Paradox des Lächelns "in der Spannung einer Muskelgruppe, welche Spannung als Entspannung einer aktiven Ruhelage erlebt werde", besteht. In jedem Fall zeugt es davon, wie viel muskuläre Arbeit Lächeln zuweilen erfordert, um verlorene Balance wieder herzustellen – und wie viel Mühe, dieser Anstrengung den Schein des Lässigen zu verleihen.
Rezension zu Sabine Kleine: Zur Ästhetik des Häßlichen. Von Sade bis Pasolini. Stuttgart; Weimar (Metzler) 1998
Das Böse, Häßliche, Obszöne, Schreckliche als Signatur moderner Literatur inspirierte das Interesse der Forschung innerhalb der letzten Jahrzehnte in besonderem Maße, was sich am Erscheinen etlicher Monographien zum Thema gerade in jüngster Zeit ablesen läßt. Die Autorin der vorliegenden Studie möchte keine eigene Theorie des Häßlichen hinzufügen, sondern die "Literarhistorie der Moderne auf der abgewandten Seite der Kallistik" nachschreiben, um auf Adornos These, die Literatur der Moderne sei Ort eines Inkommensurablen im Sinne einer negativen Utopie, "die Probe" zu machen.
Stories can elicit powerful emotions. A key emotional response to narrative plots (e.g., novels, movies, etc.) is suspense. Suspense appears to build on basic aspects of human cognition such as processes of expectation, anticipation, and prediction. However, the neural processes underlying emotional experiences of suspense have not been previously investigated. We acquired functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data while participants read a suspenseful literary text (E.T.A. Hoffmann's "The Sandman") subdivided into short text passages. Individual ratings of experienced suspense obtained after each text passage were found to be related to activation in the medial frontal cortex, bilateral frontal regions (along the inferior frontal sulcus), lateral premotor cortex, as well as posterior temporal and temporo-parietal areas. The results indicate that the emotional experience of suspense depends on brain areas associated with social cognition and predictive inference.
This study explored the organization of the semantic field and the conceptual structure of moving experiences by investigating German-language expressions referring to the emotional state of being moved. We used present and past participles of eight psychological verbs as primes in a free word-association task, as these grammatical forms place their conceptual focus on the eliciting situation and on the felt emotional state, respectively. By applying a taxonomy of basic knowledge types and computing the Cognitive Salience Index, we identified joy and sadness as key emotional ingredients of being moved, and significant life events and art experiences as main elicitors of this emotional state. Metric multidimensional scaling analyses of the semantic field revealed that the core terms designate a cluster of emotional states characterized by low degrees of arousal and slightly positive valence, the latter due to a nearly balanced representation of positive and negative elements in the conceptual structure of being moved.
Emotional competence has an important influence on development in school. We hypothesized that reading and discussing children’s books with emotional content increases children’s emotional competence. To examine this assumption, we developed a literature-based intervention, named READING and FEELING, and tested it on 104 second and third graders in their after-school care center. Children who attended the same care center but did not participate in the emotion-centered literary program formed the control group (n = 104). Our goal was to promote emotional competence and to evaluate the effectiveness of the READING and FEELING program. Emotional competence variables were measured prior to the intervention and 9 weeks later, at the end of the program. Results revealed significant improvements in the emotional vocabulary, explicit emotional knowledge, and recognition of masked feelings. Regarding the treatment effect for detecting masked feelings, we found that boys benefited significantly more than girls. These findings underscore the assumption that children’s literature is an appropriate vehicle to support the development of emotional competence in middle childhood.
The notion of "presence" in contemporary debates about aesthetic experience ("ästhetisches Erleben") marks a turn against the premises of deconstruction. One of the most prominent figures in using the concept of "presence" is the german-american literary theorist Hans Ulrich Gumbrecht. In his works "presence" is not only a corporal experience in the aesthetic experience, it suspends sense and promotes the dimension of space against that of time. Moments of intensity in the observation of artworks can be read as moments of oscillation between sense and presence. This article outlines the main characteristics of Gumbrecht's notion of presence and discusses possibilities of reading literary texts with that concept in mind.
[D]ie Analogie zwischen den vertikalen Ordnungen der Körper- und der Gesichtszonen [wird] in mindestens einem wesentlichen Detail gestört. Dieses Detail ist die Nase. In der alteuropäischen Physiognomik bildet sie ein herausragendes Detail in dem umfassenden System der Ähnlichkeiten, das den Menschen nicht nur zu den kosmischen Elementen, sondern auch zu den Tieren und deren Eigenschaften in Beziehung setzte. [...] Spätestens seit dem 18. Jahrhundert wird diese Tierähnlichkeit als ganze prekär, und das macht gerade die Nase zu einem physiognomischen Ärgernis.
This article conceives the avant-garde as a form of art that emerges out of the experience with technical progress, city life and new patterns of perception and that succeeded in transforming multiple perspective and simultaneity of urban life into a central principle for their production. Analyzed are the European avant-gardes as well as their influences on Brazilian literature and painting in the 20s. Furthermore we take a look at concrete poetry of the 50's as a literary pendant to architectonic concepts of cities like São Paulo and Brasília.
This article analyses the influence of Kant on conceptions and definitions of modern literature and art in publications by Lyotard, Kothe, Weber and Luhmann. It is argued that central issues in these publications, such as artistic autonomy, the sublime and the concept of L’art pour l’art, are adopted directly from Kant’s philosophical work and still serve as paradigms in the discussion of origin and status of modern social structure and its art production.