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This paper discusses an attempt to write a computer program that would properly model the phonological development of Chinese from Middle Chinese to Modern Peking Mandarin, using the rules in Chen 1976. Several problems are encountered, the most significant being that the rules cannot apply in the same order for all lexical items. The significance of this in terms of the implementation of sound change is briefly discussed.
In this paper we propose a compositional semantics for lexicalized tree-adjoining grammar (LTAG). Tree-local multicomponent derivations allow separation of the semantic contribution of a lexical item into one component contributing to the predicate argument structure and a second component contributing to scope semantics. Based on this idea a syntax-semantics interface is presented where the compositional semantics depends only on the derivation structure. It is shown that the derivation structure (and indirectly the locality of derivations) allows an appropriate amount of underspecification. This is illustrated by investigating underspecified representations for quantifier scope ambiguities and related phenomena such as adjunct scope and island constraints.
Transforming constituent-based annotation into dependency-based annotation has been shown to work for different treebanks and annotation schemes (e.g. Lin (1995) has transformed the Penn treebank, and Kübler and Telljohann (2002) the Tübinger Baumbank des Deutschen (TüBa-D/Z)). These ventures are usually triggered by the conflict between theory-neutral annotation, that targets most needs of a wider audience, and theory-specific annotation, that provides more fine-grained information for a smaller audience. As a compromise, it has been pointed out that treebanks can be designed to support more than one theory from the start (Nivre, 2003). We argue that information can also be added to an existing annotation scheme so that it supports additional theory-specific annotations. We also argue that such a transformation is useful for improving and extending the original annotation scheme with respect to both ambiguous annotation and annotation errors. We show this by analysing problems that arise when generating dependency information from the constituent-based TüBa-D/Z.
Um den schwierigen Wettbewerbsbedingungen im internationalen Vergleich entgegentreten zu können, benötigen kleine und mittlere Unternehmen nicht nur den Einsatz moderner Informationstechniken und eine kommerzielle Präsenz im multimedialen und grafikintensiven Teil des Internets, sondern auch eine an den Kunden angepasste Web-Präsenz. In diesem Sinne widmen wir uns in diesem Beitrag der wirtschaftlichen Notwendigkeit einer kontrastiven Hypertextgrammatik. In den letzten Jahren ist dank der zunehmenden Bedeutung des Internets als Handelsplattform eine grammatische Unterdisziplin entstanden, die zur Geschäftsoptimierung kleiner und mittlerer Unternehmen einen beachtlichen Beitrag leisten könnte: die kontrastive Hypertextgrammatik. Wir gehen hier der Frage nach, wie man bei einer kontrastiven hypertextgrammatischen Studie vorgehen könnte.
This paper aims to investigate the dynamics of text-image interplay as exemplified by various text types applied to second language teaching and translation didactics. Based on examples of texts from the fields of Science, Technology, Literature and Language Teaching, the authors attempt to assess both successful and unsuccessful instances of the application of iconical resources in text production. Some didactic consequences are discussed.
While the sortal constraints associated with Japanese numeral classifiers are well-studied, less attention has been paid to the details of their syntax. We describe an analysis implemented within a broad-coverage HPSG that handles an intricate set of numeral classifier construction types and compositionally relates each to an appropriate semantic representation, using Minimal Recursion Semantics.
The project WBLUX (Wortbildung des moselfränkisch-luxemburgischen Raumes) at the University of Luxembourg aims at the investigation of Luxembourgish word formation through different text sorts and genres. In order to achieve this goal the compilation of an annotated corpus is needed. This article gives an example for benefits of using a corpus with annotations like parts of speech, lemmata and word formation affixes in the analysis of productivity of some selected word formation affixes of Luxembourgish. Then it describes how one can achieve such a corpus from a technical point of view. This includes the choice of corpus format, of a database platform and the designing of programs needed for the annotation process of word formation itself. This article also suggests new corpus linguistic approaches for research of word formation like analyzing the usage of word formation bases in the entire corpus or performing context analysis in order to determine semantical functions of each suffix.
Estudiosos dos campos da Educação, da Linguística Aplicada e da Formação de Professores de Línguas insistem hoje na grande importância da inclusão de Tecnologias de Informação e Comunicação (TICs) na formação inicial, bem como na necessidade de promover o desenvolvimento do pensamento crítico-reflexivo dos futuros professores. Tomando como pressupostos teóricos estudos acerca das características da sociedade de informação, dos ambientes virtuais e da formação de professores, este trabalho tem como objetivo discutir possibilidades oferecidas pela plataforma Moodle de aprendizagem na formação inicial de professores de alemão. Para tanto, apresentaremos diferentes formas de uso de ambientes virtuais e de ferramentas neles disponíveis, que demonstraram ser de grande valor no processo de formação de licenciandos, tanto em língua alemã, quanto durante suas práticas iniciais. As experiências apontam para um valor inestimável de ambientes virtuais no acompanhamento de licenciandos no processo de aprendizagem da língua e nas primeiras experiências com a docência.
The purpose of this article is to report on the work carried out during the research project "O trabalho de tradutor como fonte para a constituição de base de dados" (The translator´s work as a source for the constitution of a database). Through the restoration, organization and digitalization of the personal glossary and part of the books containing the translations made by the deceased public translator Gustavo Lohnefink, this research project intends to construct a digital database of German – Portuguese technical terms (for the language pair), which could then be used by other translators. In order to achieve this purpose, a specific methodology had to be developed, which could be used as a starting-point for the treatment and recovery of other similarly organized data-collections.
Seit einiger Zeit ist zu beobachten, dass zu dem Handwerkszeug eines DaF-Lerners […] nicht mehr Grammatiken und Wörterbücher im klassischen Sinne gehören. Das Nachschlagen in Printwerken wird auf allen Stufen und für alle Benutzersituationen durch die Konsultation in den unterschiedlichsten über Internet frei zugänglichen Materialien ersetzt. […] So scheint es, dass gerade im DaF-Bereich die Printnachschlagewerke bald schon zu einem Relikt anderer Zeiten angehören werden. Aber genauso wie für die Benutzung von Printwörterbüchern, benötigt der DaF-Lerner durch die ganz neu entstehenden online-Nachschlagetechniken (Engelberg/Lemnitzer 2009, 111) genügend Information und Schulung, um für seine jeweilige Benutzersituation in dem dafür am besten geeigneten Konsultationssystem die jeweils adäquateste Rechercheoption auszuwählen. […] Das gilt gleichermaßen für Print- wie für Onlineressourcen, wobei allerdings gerade bei Internetwörterbüchern bei der Suchanfrage das Risiko des Orientierungsverlustes („lost in hyperspace“) verstärkt auftreten kann (cfr. Haß/Schmitz 2010, 4). Es ist daher Aufgabe der Lehrenden, die entsprechende Orientierung und Hilfestellung zu leisten. Leider ist zu bemerken, dass im DaF-Bereich die nötige lexikographische Kompetenz nicht genügend vermittelt wird, was nicht zuletzt oft an der mangelnden lexikographischen Vorbildung der DaF-Lehrer liegt. Ziel des Beitrages ist es daher, einige Internetwörterbücher (IWB) mit freiem Zugang für die Deutsche Sprache in groben Zügen vorzustellen und für ihren Nutzen in unterschiedliche Benutzersituationen im Bereich DaF zu kommentieren, um dem DaF-Lerner und Lehrer die Auswahl aus dem inzwischen recht unübersichtlichen Angebot für seine jeweiligen Bedürfnisse zu erleichtern. In Anlehnung an die vorgeschlagenen Kriterien von Engelberg/Lemnitzer (42009, 220ff.), Storrer (2010) und das Evaluationsraster zur Beurteilung von online-WB von Kemmer (2010) sollen verschiedene aktuelle IWB der deutschen Gegenwartssprache beurteilt werden. Zur Wörterbuch-Typologisierung orientiere ich mich an den Vorschlägen von Engelberg/Lemnitzer (42009), beschränke aber in diesem Rahmen den Gegenstandsbereich auf zweisprachige IWB, spezifische einsprachige DaF-IWB und einige modularisierte allgemeinsprachige Wörterbuchportale, in denen verschiedene IWB miteinander verlinkt sind.