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The (mis)management of rapport amongst groups in Niger Delta (ND) communities has become a significant issue, which Ahmed Yerima's Hard Ground (HG) depicts as having the capacity to aid or control the conflicts in the region. Linguistic studies on Yerima's drama from the perspective of pragmatics have tended to use pragmatic acts to identify the discourse value of proverbs and functions of characters' utterances but have not accounted for the politeness strategies utilised for rapport management, especially in conflict situations. This article, drawing on a rapport management model of politeness and aspects of speech act discourse, identifies the face, sociality rights, and interactional goals that characterise the conflict-motivated dialogues sampled in HG, and reveals the rapport management (RM) strategies through which these are managed in the text. Three conflict situations can be observed as prompting different RM strategies: cause-effect identification (CEI), militancy support (MSP), and disagreement (DSG) situations. CEI is marked by incriminating (involving eliciting and informing acts) and exonerating (including complimenting and acknowledging acts) strategies; MSP is indexed by strategies of persuasion (realised with face-enhancing/threatening acts), whereas DSG is typified by requesting (featuring explicit head acts and alerters) and blaming strategies (including insulting and threatening, aggravating moves). Generally, the requesting, blaming, and exonerating strategies are largely used by the ND youth in HG to probe, threaten, or disagree on specific issues, while the incriminating and persuasion strategies are mainly employed by the women to indict, influence, and predict future actions. The study of RM in the conflict situations depicted in the play sheds light on the often neglected cause of conflicts in contemporary Africa.
"Politische Korrektheit" ist als deskriptive wie als normative Kategorie in Bezug auf unterschiedlichste Kommunikations-, mediale und institutionelle Kontexte seit einigen Jahren allgegenwärtig. Zunehmend wird sie nun selbst zum Gegenstand der Debatte. Ursprünglich Ausdruck des Bemühens, ein Bewusstsein für sprachliche Diskriminierungen zu schaffen und auf eine diskriminierungsfreie Sprache hinzuwirken, befindet sich die politische Korrektheit mittlerweile im Spannungsfeld zwischen nahezu obsessiv betriebenen Versuchen einer Beschränkung des Sagbaren einerseits und ebenso programmatisch unternommenen Überschreitungen der Grenzen des Sagbaren andererseits. Verbot und Provokation grundieren nicht zuletzt das politische/ administrative Sprechen bzw. Schreiben sowie erhebliche Anteile von Äußerungsformen im Rahmen der Social Media. In einer historischen Perspektive verbindet die Forderung nach einer mehr oder weniger strikten Reglementierung des Sagbaren die politische Korrektheit mit der staatlichen oder kirchlichen Zensur vor- bzw. nicht-demokratischer Systeme. Während gegenwärtig in der Mehrzahl der westlichen Gesellschaften eine derart institutionalisierte Steuerung des Sagbaren nicht mehr stattfindet, also scheinbar nichts mehr "unsagbar" ist, lassen sich in verschiedenen sozialen Segmenten und Communities sehr wohl selbstauferlegte Sprach- und Verhaltenskodices beobachten, die nach wie vor oder wieder Grenzen des Sagbaren definieren. Als Sprachkodex in diesem Sinn fungiert bisweilen auch die politische Korrektheit. So fragwürdig eine zum Selbstzweck gewordene politisch korrekte Sprache allerdings auch sein mag, so besorgniserregend sind programmatische Verstöße gegen die politische Korrektheit, wo sie offensichtlich auf Diffamierung zielen und in letzter Konsequenz Prozesse der Entsolidarisierung befördern wollen. ...
The early acquisition of Greek compounds by two monolingual Greek girls aged between 1;8 and 3;0 years is studied in a usage-based theoretical framework. Special importance is attached to the morphological structure of Greek compound types occurring in child speech and child-directed speech. Greek nominal compound formation does not consist in the mere juxtaposition of words or roots, but involves stems as well as a compound marker. Major questions addressed are the transparency of compounds and productive nominal compound formation. Evidence for productivity of nominal compound formation has been found with only one of the two girls. In contrast to other languages, neoclassical nominal compounds by far exceed endocentric subordinative ones tokenwise in Greek child speech and child-directed speech providing evidence of entrenchment rather than productivity.
In a cross-linguistic comparison it is shown that, in spite of the fact that both Standard Modern Greek and German are rich in nominal compounds, their number is much more limited in Greek than in German child speech. An explanation for this apparent paradox is provided by an onomasiological approach to lexical typology based on a sample list of nominal compounds occurring in German child language and their Greek translational equivalents. It has been found that while use of nominal compounds is common in colloquial German including child-centered situations, it is more typical of Greek formal than colloquial registers.
Das hethitische Phonem /xw/
(2014)
In the Hittite phonological system there was a labialized velar fricative /xw/ beside the plain velar fricative /x/ parallel to the opposition between the velar stops /kw/ and /k/. The frequent syllable /xwa/ was spelled either hu-(u) or hu-wa. Evidence from the frequency of words with initial hu in the lexicon, from spelling variations and from ablaut alternations is presented to demonstrate the existence of /xw/. It is suggested that Hittite /xw/ regularly corresponds to the reflexes of *w in the non-Anatolian Indo-European languages.
The two papers included in this volume have developed from work with the CHILDES tools and the Media Editor in the two research projects, "Second language acquisition of German by Russian learners", sponsored by the Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, from 1998 to 1999 (directed by Ursula Stephany, University of Cologne, and Wolfgang Klein, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen) and "The age factor in the acquisition of German as a second language", sponsored by the German Science Foundation (DFG), Bonn, since 2000 (directed by Ursula Stephany, University of Cologne, and Christine Dimroth, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen). The CHILDES Project has been developed and is being continuously improved at Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, under the supervision of Brian MacWhinney. Having used the CHILDES tools for more than ten years for transcribing and analyzing Greek child data there it was no question that I would also use them for research into the acquisition of German as a second language and analyze the big amount of spontaneous speech gathered from two Russian girls with the help of the CLAN programs. When in the spring of 1997, Steven Gillis from the University of Antwerp (in collaboration with Gert Durieux) developed a lexicon-based automatic coding system based on the CLAN program MOR and suitable for coding languages with richer morphologies than English, such as Modern Greek. Coding huge amounts of data then became much quicker and more comfortable so that I decided to adopt this system for German as well. The paper "Working with the CHILDES Tools" is based on two earlier manuscripts which have grown out of my research on Greek child language and the many CHILDES workshops taught in Germany, Greece, Portugal, and Brazil over the years. Its contents have now been adapted to the requirements of research into the acquisition of German as a second language and for use on Windows.
Contents:
From Language Garden to Sustainable Languaging: Bilingual Education in a Global World
Ofelia García, Graduate Center, City University of New York 5 ; Language Lost & Found: A Family’s Full Circle : Mary Curtis 10 ; Language Variation from a Bilingual Perspective : Miriam Eisenstein Ebsworth, New York University, Steinhardt 17 ; Letter from the President 4 ; Contributing to Perspectives - Guidelines for Writers 2.
Seit der zweiten Hälfte des letzten Jahrhunderts zieht die Übersetzung im Fremdsprachenunterricht (FSU) das Interesse der Fremdsprachendidaktiker auf sich. In den anhaltenden Diskussionen über den Stellenwert der Übersetzung im FSU bestehen aber immer noch verschiedene Meinungen. Die Meinungsverschiedenheiten beruhen vor allem auf diversen miteinander konkurrierenden Lerntheorien und damit auch auf unterschiedlichen methodischen Prinzipien. Im Zusammenhang mit den herrschenden didaktischen Richtungen und mit den unterschiedlichen Lernzielen, die im Fremdsprachenunterricht verfolgt werden können, wird auch die Übersetzung unter mehreren Gesichtspunkten betrachtet und bewertet. Hinsichtlich der Funktion der Übersetzung ist es inzwischen üblich geworden, zwischen zwei Verwendungsweisen zu unterscheiden: Einerseits wird die Übersetzung als ein methodisches Mittel zur Festigung, Erweiterung und Prüfung sprachlicher Fertigkeiten angewendet, andererseits ist sie als eine eigene Fertigkeit selbst ein Übungs- und Unterrichtsziel.
Son yıllarda Avrupa’daki toplumsal ve siyasal gelişmeler her alanda olduğu gibi eğitim alanında da köklü değişimleri beraberinde getirmiştir. Avrupa Birliğindeki bu gelişmeler, aynı zamanda birden çok yabancı dil öğrenme gereksiniminin artmasına da yol açmıştır. Böylece, yabancı dil öğretimi ve izlenecek yabancı dil politikası gittikçe önem kazanmaya başlamıştır. Bu bağlamda Avrupa Konseyi, yabancı dil öğretiminin daha etkin ve verimli olmasını sağlayacak yeni düzenlemeler yapmayı öncelikli görevleri arasına almıştır. Avrupa Birliği ülkelerinde dil ve kültür çeşitliliği korunması ve geliştirilmesi gereken bir zenginlik olarak değerlendirilmektedir. Bu düşünceye uygun olarak tüm Avrupa Birliği ülkelerinde “Avrupa Konseyi Yabancı Diller Eğitimi Ortak Kriterleri” çerçevesinde yabancı dil eğitim-öğretim izlencelerinin oluşturulmasına, ders araç-gereçleri geliştirilmesine, aynı zamanda bireylerin yabancı dil düzeylerinin saptanması ve belgelendirilmesinde ortak ölçütlerin belirlenmesine ve böylece bireylerde yaşam boyu yabancı dil öğrenme bilinci oluşturmaya çalışılmaktadır. Ne var ki, bu durum Avrupa Birliğine aday ülkeler arasında yer alan ülkemiz için geçerli değildir. Oysa, Avrupa Birliğine tam üyelik sürecinde değişen koşullarına uygun olarak yabancı dil eğitim politikamızın yeniden gözden geçirilmesi ve “Avrupa Konseyi Yabancı Diller Ortak Kriterleri”ne uygun izlencelerin geliştirilmesi kaçınılmaz görünmektedir. Bu bağlamda, ülkemizde yabancı dil olarak tek bir dilin egemenliğine dayalı yabancı dil öğretimi yerine, öğretim programlarında farklı dil seçeneklerine yer verilerek, her yaş grubuna ve toplumun her kesimine uygun programlarla yabancı dil öğretimi yaygınlaştırılmalı ve buna uygun yabancı dil politikaları geliştirilmelidir.
This demo abstract describes the SmartWeb Ontology-based Information Extraction System (SOBIE). A key feature of SOBIE is that all information is extracted and stored with respect to the SmartWeb ontology. In this way, other components of the systems, which use the same ontology, can access this information in a straightforward way. We will show how information extracted by SOBIE is visualized within its original context, thus enhancing the browsing experience of the end user.
Dialogue acts in Verbmobil 2
(1998)
This report describes the dialogue phases and the second edition dialogue acts which are used in the VERBMOBIL 2 project [...]. While in the first project phase the scenario was restricted to appointment scheduling dialogues, it has been extended to travel planning in the second phase with appointment scheduling being only a part of the new scenario.