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Background: The treatment of different skin conditions with spa waters is a long tradition dating back to at least late Hellenism. Interestingly, independent scientific examinations studying the effect of spa waters are scarce.
Objective: In the present in vitro study, we compared the effect of culture media supplemented with (a) thermal spa waters (La Roche-Posay, Avène) and (b) two natural mineral drinking waters (Heppinger, Adelholzener) on physiological parameters in HaCaT keratinocytes.
Methods: The different medium preparations were investigated with regard to cell proliferation and cell damage. Moreover, the impact on inflammation parameters with and without ultraviolet B (UVB) irradiation was examined.
Results: Two popular thermal spring waters were found to suppress cell proliferation and cell damage. Moreover, these waters reversed the induction of interleukin-6, as measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and promoter transactivation, and the formation of reactive oxygen species after UVB stimulation. Of note, the two natural mineral waters, which are distributed as drinking waters, had some effect on the above-mentioned parameters but to a lesser extent.
Conclusion: In summary, our results show that spa waters, and particularly those derived from thermal springs, reduce parameters associated with inflammation. It seems likely that trace elements such as selenium and zinc are critical for the observed effects.
Incidence rates of clinically significant tinnitus: 10-year trend from a cohort study in England
(2015)
Objective: To investigate the incidence of tinnitus that burdens the health service in England.
Design: This was an observational study of 4.7 million residents of England under 85 years of age who were at risk for developing clinically significant tinnitus (sigT). SigT was defined by a discharge from hospital with a primary diagnosis of tinnitus, or a primary care recording of tinnitus with subsequent related medical follow-up within 28 days. The database used was the Clinical Practice Research Datalink and individual records were linked to additional data from the Hospital Episode Statistics. The observational period was from January 1, 2002 to December 31, 2011. Age-, gender-, and calendar year-specific incidence rates for and cumulative incidences of sigT were estimated and a projection of new cases of sigT between 2012 and 2021 was performed.
Results: There were 14,303 incident cases of sigT identified among 26.5 million person-years of observation. The incidence rate was 5.4 new cases of sigT per 10,000 person-years (95% confidence interval: 5.3 to 5.5). The incidence rate did not depend on gender but increased with age, peaking at 11.4 per 10,000 in the age group 60 to 69 years. The annual incidence rate of sigT increased from 4.5 per 10,000 person-years in 2002 to 6.6 per 10,000 person-years in 2011. The 10-year cumulative incidence of sigT was 58.4 cases (95% confidence interval: 57.4 to 59.4) per 10,000 residents. Nearly 324,000 new cases of sigT are expected to occur in England between 2012 and 2021.
Conclusions: Tinnitus presents a burden to the health care system that has been rising in recent years. Population-based studies provide crucial underpinning evidence; highlighting the need for further research to address issues around effective diagnosis and clinical management of this heterogeneous condition.
Emotional instability, difficulties in social adjustment, and disinhibited behavior are the most common symptoms of the psychiatric comorbidities in juvenile myoclonic epilepsy (JME). This psychopathology has been associated with dysfunctions of mesial-frontal brain circuits. The present work is a first direct test of this link and adapted a paradigm for probing frontal circuits during empathy for pain. Neural and psychophysiological parameters of pain empathy were assessed by combining functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) with simultaneous pupillometry in 15 JME patients and 15 matched healthy controls. In JME patients, we observed reduced neural activation of the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), the anterior insula (AI), and the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (VLPFC). This modulation was paralleled by reduced pupil dilation during empathy for pain in patients. At the same time, pupil dilation was positively related to neural activity of the ACC, AI, and VLPFC. In JME patients, the ACC additionally showed reduced functional connectivity with the primary and secondary somatosensory cortex, areas fundamentally implicated in processing the somatic cause of another's pain. Our results provide first evidence that alterations of mesial-frontal circuits directly affect psychosocial functioning in JME patients and draw a link of pupil dynamics with brain activity during emotional processing. The findings of reduced pain empathy related activation of the ACC and AI and aberrant functional integration of the ACC with somatosensory cortex areas provide further evidence for this network's role in social behavior and helps explaining the JME psychopathology and patients' difficulties in social adjustment.
In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde ein Flugzeitmassenspektrometer (TOF-MS) für die Messung von halogenierten Spurengasen charakterisiert und das verwendete analytische System optimiert. Ein TOF-MS hat den Vorteil, dass es die volle Masseninformation aufzeichnet. Dadurch ist es möglich, auch im Nachhinein Substanzen zu identifizieren und retrospektiv auszuwerten. Eine retrospektive Auswertung kann helfen, Auswirkungen auf die Atmosphäre besser abschätzen zu können. Aus diesem Grund wurde mit Hilfe des TOF-MS ein digitales Datenarchiv durch regelmäßige Messungen von Luftproben, die am Taunus Observatorium auf dem Kleinen Feldberg genommen wurden, initialisiert. Durch die Wahl des Taunus Observatoriums werden in unmittelbarer Nähe des industriellen Ballungsraums Rhein-Main auf der Nordhemisphäre Luftproben genommen, wodurch die Wahrscheinlichkeit erhöht wird, unbekannte Substanzen in erhöhter Konzentration zu messen.
Bevor das TOF-MS jedoch für die Initialisierung des Datenarchivs verwendet werden konnte, wurde es charakterisiert und mit einem, für die Analyse von halogenierten Kohlenwasserstoffen etablierten QP-MS verglichen. Um beide Detektoren vergleichen zu können, erfolgte die Probenaufgabe, Probenaufkonzentrierung und die Separation der Probe im Gaschromatographen innerhalb eines gemeinsamen Systems. Nach der Separation im GC teilt sich der Trägergasfluss auf. Die Charakterisierung des TOF-MS und der Vergleich mit dem QP-MS umfasst die Auswertung der Daten, die Messpräzision, die Linearität, die Sensitivität der Detektoren, die Massenauflösung und die Massenachsenbestimmungsgenauigkeit.
Hinsichtlich der Messpräzision liegen beide Massenspektrometer, wie ermittelt auf dem selben Niveau, wodurch sie auch sehr geringe Variabilitäten in den Mischungsverhältnissen von halogenierten Kohlenwasserstoffen aufzeichnen können.
Die Linearität der Detektoren ist substanzspezifisch. Während das QP-MS in Übereinstimmung mit bereits literaturbekannter Eigenschaft, einen sehr großen linearen Bereich aufweist, zeigt das hier verwendete TOF-MS für 2/3 aller ausgewerteter Substanzen starke substanz- und fragmentabhängig Nichtlinearitäten. Das nichtlineare Verhalten des Detektors des TOF-MS zeigt sich auch bei den Messvergleichen, wobei jedoch nur signifikante Abweichungen bei sehr hohen und sehr niedrig gemessenen Mischungsverhältnissen beobachtet wurden. Diese starke Nichtlinearität stellt eine große Einschränkung für eine retrospektive Auswertung unbekannter Substanzen dar, da deren Verlauf nur qualitativ nicht aber quantitativ dargestellt werden kann.
Die Massenauflösung liegt beim TOF-MS bei 1000 mit einer Massenachsenbestimmungsgenauigkeit zwischen 50-170~ppm, wodurch es dem QP-MS, welches nur Einheitsauflösung vorweist, weit überlegen ist. Mit dieser Auflösung und Massenachsenbestimmungsgenauigkeit ist das TOF-MS in der Lage einen halogenierten von einem nichthalogenierten Kohlenwasserstoff quantitativ zu trennen.
Zum Vergleich der Sensitivität der beiden Massenspektrometer wurde das QP-MS in drei verschiedenen Modi betrieben: Zum einen dem SCAN-Modus, dem operationalen SIM-Modus, welcher im regulärem Messbetrieb verwendet wird und mehrere Ionen pro Zeitfenster misst, und dem optimierten SIM-Modus, welcher nur ein Ion der jeweiligen Substanz misst. Das TOF-MS hat die gleiche Sensitivität wie das QP-MS im optimierten SIM-Modus. Das TOF-MS hat eine um den Faktor 3 höhere Sensitivität als das QP-MS im operationalen SIM-Modus und eine um den Faktor 12 höhere Sensitivität als das QP-MS im SCAN-Modus bei den betrachteten Substanzen.
Die Initialisierung des digitalen Datenarchivs wurde im Oktober 2013 mit der Probennahme am Taunus Observatorium begonnen, wobei in der vorliegenden Arbeit der Zeitraum von einem Jahr betrachtet wurde. Es wurden Identifizierungen aus regulären Proben der Taunus Observatoriums-Zeitreihe durchgeführt und so die Substanzen HFC-32, HFC-245fa,HCFC-133a und HFO-1234yf gefunden. Zusätzlich stellte Martin Vollmer (Eidgenössische Material und Prüfgesellschaft) zwei Gasmischungen zu Verfügung für die Identifikation von noch nicht am System vermessenen Substanzen. Somit konnte die Vielfalt an diesem System vermessener Substanzen von 40 auf insgesamt 64 Substanzen erweitert werden.
Von den neu identifizierten Substanzen wurden HFC-227ea, HFC-236fa, HFC-32, HCFO-1233zd, HFO-1234zd, HFO-1234yf, HFC-245fa, HCFC-31, HFC-133a, Isofluran und HFC-112 in der Taunus Observatoriums-Zeitreihe gefunden und rückwirkend aufgearbeitet.
Durch die retrospektive Auswertung ist das TOF-MS für seine charakterisierte Anwendung zum Einsatz gekommen.
The cyanoprokaryotic genus Romeria is traditionally classified as the simplest filamentous cyanobacterium, occurring scarcely in freshwater reservoirs. Three species were described originally, which are known from the temperate zone, and which are usually cited in all identification manuals of this cyanoprokaryotic group. However, other species were found recently, also in other biotopes (benthos, cryoseston, marine plankton), and now the number of registered species increased to 19. The problem is, that they were not yet isolated in culture, and nothing is known about ultrastructure and molecular characters of any Romeria species. Recently, two mass developments of two planktic species were found in freshwater reservoirs in Brazil and in Czech Republic, which enabled, at least, the study of their morphological variability and cell structure. It was found, that Romeria is evidently very interesting cyanobacterium with close relations to other simple filamentous species, as well as to simple coccoid types living in solitary, rod-like cells. The review of the whole genus, which is included in this article, is necessary for further research of this important cyanobacterial type.
Symbiosis represents a widely distributed principle of mutual relationships among organisms, belonging to different systematic groups. The cell endosymbiosis is considered to be the most important event, which starts the evolution of all eukaryotic organisms. We recognize about five successful endosymbioses. Some of them resulted in obtaining mitochondria the peroxisomes, perhaps derived from different groups of bacterial ancestors. The special interest represents the origin of the chloroplasts. As it was suggested using the molecular methods, the single-celled cyanobacteria were the ancestors of chloroplasts in glaucophytes, red and green algae. All these groups are classified into kingdom Plantae. Green algae and vascular plants form a monophyletic group. Their chloroplasts are surrounded only by double membrane envelopes, no connection with endoplasmic reticulum or with the nuclear envelope were observed. Endosymbiosis with cyanobacterial chloroplast ancestor is considered to be the primary endosymbiosis. It was of an ancient origin with the age of about 2 billion years. Chloroplasts of other algal divisions were obtained via secondary, sometimes even as tertiary endosymbioses. In dinophytes and euglenophytes, the plastids are the remainder of single celled eukaryotic algae, covered with the triple envelope membranes. Two inner membranes are similar to the chloroplast envelopes in plant chloroplasts, the third outer membrane is of unknown origin. Some experts consider the third plastid membrane as a phagosome (food vacuole) membrane. No connections with the nuclear envelope were observed. In cryptophytes and chromophyte algae (Chromophyta, syn. Heterocontophyta, syn. Ochrista) and Haptophyta (syn. Prymnesiophyta) plastids are covered with four membranes, two additional membranes are derived from the rough endoplasmic reticulum, which is often connected with the outer membrane of nuclear envelope. This kind of endosymbiosis is called the secondary symbiosis, and is much younger than the primary symbioses. Taking in account the six- kingdoms system of life proposed by CAVALIER-SMITH (1998), the secondary endosymbioses are classified into two different kingdoms: Protozoa (Dinophyta, Euglenophyta) and Chromista. The primary endosymbioses form the kingdom Plantae. The classification of Chlorarachniophyta is not clear and recently they are not mentioned as a separate division. Besides Chlorarachnion reptans, some other filarplasmodium forming protozoans containing plastids (Chrysarachnion, Chrysophyceae, Myxochloris, Xanthophyceae) or without plastids (Corallomyxa, Reticulosphaera, GRELL 1991) were recognized.
Wet stones near the wells form a specific microhabitat for the occurrence of epilithic, benthic and epiphytic cyanobacteria and algae. In four wells (Prosba lesa, U sovy, Čertík, U památníku letců) 15 little known cyanobacteria species (namely from the group of Chroococcales) were identified. These microhabitats belong to oligosaprobic water sites.
A preliminary floristic survey of aerophytic epiphytic algae from lowland tropical rainforests of Peninsular Malaysia is presented. The algal communities are either dominated by filamentous cyanophytes (e.g. Scytonema, Stigonema) or green algae of the family Trentepohliaceae. As concomitant species of Trentepohliaceae-dominated communities the coccal and filamentous green algae were frequently observed. In cyanophytes-dominated samples green algae were rarely recovered.
In many recorded species the determination up to the species level has not been possible. Some of the isolated strains will be described as new taxa in future.
The significant difference in species composition of investigated samples indicates a huge potential of algal biodiversity in aerophytic biotopes of tropical rainforests.
The species composition of phytoplankton in several pools in the Litovelské Pomoraví Protected Landscape Area and the physical and chemical conditions of pools were studied from 1996 to 1997. Approximately 200 taxa of algae and blue-green algae were identified. Euglenophyta was diverse and dominant group; especially Euglena hemichromata, E. spirogyra, Trachelomonas volvocina, Phacus orbicularis a P. pleuronectes occurred in samples regularly. The mass occurrence of Hydrodictyon reticulatum were observed in one of these pools.
The contribution presents the results of the first investigation of phytoplankton in the district of Prostějov. During 1998-1999 seasonal changes of phytoplankton in two fishponds together with selected physical and chemical parameters (temperature, oxygen, pH, conductivity, nutrients and heavy metals) were investigated. Eutrophication of the investigated fishponds is not as high as in other regions in the Czech Republic.