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A different capitalism? : Guanxi-capitalism and the importance of family in modern China (2011)

Susanne Rühle

The emergence of Capitalism is said to always lead to extreme changes in the structure of a society. This view implies that Capitalism is a universal and unique concept that needs an explicit institutional framework and should not discriminate between a German or US Capitalism. In contrast, this work argues that the ‘ideal type’ of Capitalism in a Weberian sense does not exist. It will be demonstrated that Capitalism is not a concept that shapes a uniform institutional framework within every society, constructing a specific economic system. Rather, depending on the institutional environment - family structures in particular - different forms of Capitalism arise. To exemplify this, the networking (Guanxi) Capitalism of contemporary China will be presented, where social institutions known from the past were reinforced for successful development. It will be argued that especially the change, destruction and creation of family and kinship structures are key factors that determined the further development and success of the Chinese economy and the type of Capitalism arising there. In contrast to Weber, it will be argued that Capitalism not necessarily leads to a process of destruction of traditional structures and to large-scale enterprises under rational, bureaucratic management, without leaving space for socio-cultural structures like family businesses. The flexible global production increasingly favours small business production over larger corporations. Small Chinese family firms are able to respond to rapidly changing market conditions and motivate maximum efforts for modest pay. The structure of the Chinese family proved to be very persistent over time and to be able to accommodate diverse economic and political environments while maintaining its core identity. This implies that Chinese Capitalism may be an entirely new economic system, based on Guanxi and the family.

Japan's silver market: creating a new industry under uncertainty (2011)

Cornelia Storz Werner Pascha

It has often been asked whether today´s Japan will be able to move into new and promising industries, or whether it is locked into an innovation system with an inherent inability to give birth to new industries. One argument reasons that the thick institutional complementarities among labour, innovation, and finance among its enterprises and the public sector favour industrial development in sectors of intermediate uncertainty, while it is difficult to move into areas of major uncertainty. In this paper, we present the case of the silver industry or, somewhat more prosaically, the 60+ or even 50+ industry, for which most would agree that Japan has indeed become a lead market and lead producer on the global market. For an institutional economist, the case of the silver industry is particularly interesting, because Japan´s success is based on the cooperation of existing actors, the enterprise and public sector in particular, which helped overcome the information uncertainties and asymmetries involved in the new market by relying on several established mechanisms developed well before. In that sense, Japan´s silver industry presents a case of of what we propose to call successful institutional path activation with the effect of an innovative market creation, instead of the problematic lockin effects that are usually associated with the term path dependence.

Japan's quest for energy security : risks and opportunities in a changing geopolitical landscape (2011)

Thomas Feldhoff

For much of the 20th century, economic growth was fueled by cheap oil-based energy supply. Due to increasing resource constraints, however, the political and strategic importance of oil has become a significant part of energy and foreign policy making in East and Southeast Asian countries. In Japan, the rise of China’s economic and military power is a source of considerable concern. To enhance energy security, the Japanese government has recently amended its energy regulatory framework, which reveals high political awareness of risks resulting from the looming key resources shortage and competition over access. An essential understanding that national energy security is a politically and economically sensitive area with a clear international dimension affecting everyday life is critical in shaping a nation’s energy future.

From resource advantage to economic superiority : development and implications of China's rare earth policy (2011)

Daniela Lackner Susan McEwen-Fial

Rare Earth Elements (REE) have become the new strategic economic weapon for the modern age. Used in the manufacturing of products ranging from mobile phones to jet fighter engines, REEs have become the new “oil” of today in terms of economic and strategic importance. Currently, 95% of REEs mined globally are mined in China, giving China a monopoly on the industry. Deng Xiaoping foresaw the importance of REEs in 1992 when he commented: “as there is oil in the Middle East, there is rare earth in China.” Recently, China temporarily stopped exports of REEs to Japan, the EU and the US as an unofficial response to varying political and economic issues. This stoppage raised concerns as to the dependability of China and REE exports. Using the theory of neo-mercantilism, this paper analyzes China’s actions in the REE market and its subsequent economic and political implications. It concludes with a look at how countries are trying to position themselves away from a dependency on China.

Policy Framework for Small-Scale Gardening (2011)

Wolfgang Werner

Zur Kommerzialisierung der Krankenversorgung - solidarische Alternativen sind möglich! (2011)

Hans-Ulrich Deppe

Das vorliegende Diskussionspapier ist die erweiterte and aktualisierte Fassung des Kapitels „Neoliberalismus und Arzt-Patient-Beziehung“ meines Buches „Zur sozialen Anatomie des Gesundheitswesens. Neoliberalismus und Gesundheitspolitik in Deutschland“ (Frankfurt 2005). Es geht dabei um die Ökonomisierung bzw. Kommerzialisierung eines sozialen Bereiches, der davor lange Zeit verschont wurde. Der Einfluss von Markt und Wettbewerb auf die Arzt-Patient- Beziehung werden beschrieben und analysiert sowie auf daraus folgende wichtige Veränderungen hingewiesen. Dabei zeigt sich, dass der Patient zunehmend zum Kunden wird und der Arzt immer intensiver unternehmerisch zu denken hat. Der Ermessensspielraum für ärztliche Entscheidungen, von Indikationsstellungen und therapeutischen Interventionen, werden davon nicht unerheblich berührt. Daraus ergeben sich ethische Aspekte, die schon vor einigen Jahrzehnten von der „kritischen Medizin“ beklagt wurden. Gesundheit wird hier als Menschenrecht gesehen. Als Gegenmodell zur um sich greifenden Kommerzialisierung gelten neue Formen der Versorgung, die auf der Basis von Solidarität beruhen.

Plagiarismus in der Medizin? : Globale Probleme, internationale Erfahrungen und lokale Strategien zur Plagiatsprävention in der Humanmedizin (2011)

Kai Mosebach Melanie Schnee Florian Grikscheit Maren Siepmann Omid Yousefi

Plagiarismus in der Medizin wird im Ausland im letzten Jahrzehnt zunehmend erforscht, nicht so in Deutschland. Prominente Plagiatsfälle auch außerhalb der Medizin stellen darüber hinaus grundlegende Fragen an die Qualität von Wissenschaft. Plagiarismus und unethisches Verhalten in der Wissenschaft werden in diesem Arbeitspapier im Kontext des grundlegenden institutionell-organisatorischen Wandels des Wissenschafts- und Hochschulsystems durch die Übertragung von Konzepten des New Public Management (NPM) auf die Governance des Hochschul- und Wissenschaftssystems diskutiert. Möglichkeiten und Grenzen verschiedener Strategien zum Umgang mit Plagiarismus werden vorgestellt. Dabei wird insbesondere auf die Verwendung von Plagiats-Software eingegangen. Die Verwendung einer Software-Lösung im Fachbereich Humanmedizin wird aus verschiedenen Gründen kritisch eingeschätzt. Erste Ergebnisse aus einer empirischen Studie zum Plagiarismus von Studierenden zeigen ebenfalls, dass der Prävention von Plagiaten durch Aufklärung und Ausbildung mehr Beachtung geschenkt werden muss. Auf Grundlage der theoretischen Überlegungen, Recherchen und der eigenen empirischen Erhebungen werden Bausteine für einen systematischen Umgang mit Plagiarismus für die Hochschulmedizin entwickelt.

Die ökonomische Neuvermessung des Sozialen : eine postpositivistische Interpretation der Formierung sozialer Ungleichheitslagen, sozialpolitischer Konfliktfelder und (post-)neoliberaler Wohlfahrtsstaatlichkeit im flexiblen Kapitalismus (2011)

Kai Mosebach

Das Thema dieses Diskussionspapiers ist die Ökonomisierung des Sozialen. Methodisch handelt es sich um eine metatheoretische Analyse, der gleichzeitig theoretische wie empirische und normative Erkenntnisinteressen zugrunde liegen. Die vergleichende Analyse von Diskurspositionen über gesellschaftliche Transformationsprozesse zeigt dabei, dass sich die objektiven Anforderungsstrukturen und subjektiven Bewältigungsstrukturen im Umbruch befinden. Die drei ausgewählten Diskurspositionen werden dabei auf theoretische Fundierung, empirische Validierung und normative Implikationen hin untersucht. Die divergierenden theoretischen wie empirischen Bezüge bilden mit den normativ-politischen Positionen weitgehend kohärente Diskurspositionen. Der postpositivistische Theorienvergleich zeigt ein Bild sich theoretisch, empirisch und normativ ergänzender (wissenschaftlicher) Narrative, die belegen, dass die Sozialwissenschaf(en) nicht wertneutral berichten, sondern selbst politische Akteure sui generis sind und am Zeichnen des Bildes dessen, was sie untersuchen, aktiv partizipieren.

Transnational justice and democracy (2011)

Rainer Forst

The title I have chosen seems to signal a tension, even a contradiction, in a number of respects. Democracy appears to be a form of political organisation and government in which, through general and public participatory procedures, a sufficiently legitimate political will is formed which acquires the force of law. Justice, by contrast, appears to be a value external to this context which is not so much linked to procedures of “input” or “throughput” legitimation but is understood instead as an output- or outcome-oriented concept. At times, justice is even understood as an otherworldly idea which, when transported into the Platonic cave, merely causes trouble and ends up as an undemocratic elite project. In methodological terms, too, this difference is sometimes signalled in terms of a contrast between a form of “worldly” political thought and “abstract” and otherworldly philosophical reflection on justice. In my view, we are bound to talk past the issues to be discussed under the heading “transnational justice and democracy” unless we first root out false dichotomies such as the ones mentioned. My thesis will be that justice must be “secularised” or “grounded” both with regard to how we understand it and to its application to relations beyond the state.

Disclosure, transparency, and market discipline (2011)

Xavier Freixas Christian Laux

The aim of this paper is to examine what has been the role of information provision to the market throughout the crisis. We consider two main sources of information to the market, financial statements and information provided by credit rating agencies. We examine how these sources of information work and the effectiveness of their disclosure process during the crisis. Contrary to the commonly held view, fair value accounting did not have a major impact on the crisis development and severity. However, the structure and lack of accountability of credit rating agencies had a profound impact on their incentives, which may have jeopardized the accuracy of the whole rating process. We claim that the crisis experience has changed the way we think about information as well as market discipline and discuss policy implications and proposals for regulation. JEL Classification: G01, G24, G28, M41, M48 Keywords: Mark-to-Market, Fair-Value Accounting, Credit Rating Agencies, Financial Crisis, Regulation, Financial Institutions, Banks

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