TY - JOUR A1 - Cai, Chengcong A1 - Koch, Benjamin Florian A1 - Morikawa, Kenichi A1 - Suda, Goki A1 - Sakamoto, Naoya A1 - Rüschenbaum, Sabrina A1 - Akhras, Sami A1 - Dietz, Julia A1 - Hildt, Eberhard A1 - Zeuzem, Stefan A1 - Welsch, Christoph A1 - Lange, Christian Michael T1 - Macrophage-derived extracellular vesicles induce long-lasting immunity against Hepatitis C virus which is blunted by Polyunsaturated fatty acids T2 - Frontiers in immunology N2 - Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are increasingly recognized as important mediators of intercellular communication. In this study, we aimed to further characterize the role of macrophage-derived EVs in immune responses against hepatitis C virus (HCV) and the potential of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) to modulate this modality of innate immunity. To this end, EVs were isolated from interferon-stimulated macrophage cultures or from serum of patients with acute or chronic hepatitis C. EVs were characterized by electron microscopy, flow cytometry, RNA-sequencing, and Western blot analysis. The effect of EVs on replication of HCV was assessed in coculture models. Functional analyses were performed to assess the impact of PUFAs on EV-mediated antiviral immunity. We found that macrophages secreted various cytokines shortly after stimulation with type I and II IFN, which orchestrated a fast but short-lasting antiviral state. This rapid innate immune answer was followed by the production of macrophage-derived EVs, which induced a late, but long-lasting inhibitory effect on HCV replication. Of note, exposure of macrophages to PUFAs, which are important regulators of immune responses, dampened EV-mediated antiviral immune responses. Finally, EVs from patients with hepatitis C exhibited long-lasting antiviral activities during IFN therapy as well. The antiviral effect of EVs from Caucasian and Japanese patients differed, which may be explained by different nutritional uptake of PUFAs. In conclusion, our data indicate that macrophage-derived EVs mediate long-lasting inhibitory effects on HCV replication, which may bridge the time until efficient adaptive immune responses are established, and which can be blunted by PUFAs. KW - exosomes KW - interferon KW - innate immunity KW - omega-3 fatty acids KW - arachidonic acid Y1 - 2018 UR - http://publikationen.ub.uni-frankfurt.de/frontdoor/index/index/docId/46498 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:hebis:30:3-464983 SN - 1664-3224 N1 - Copyright: © 2018 Cai, Koch, Morikawa, Suda, Sakamoto, Rueschenbaum, Akhras, Dietz, Hildt, Zeuzem, Welsch and Lange. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. VL - 9 IS - Art. 723 SP - 1 EP - 11 PB - Frontiers Media CY - Lausanne ER -