TY  - JOUR
A1  - Gerken, Mareike
A1  - Sander, Jochen
A1  - Krekel, Christoph
T1  - Visualising iron gall ink underdrawings in sixteenth century paintings in-situ by micro-XRF scanning (MA-XRF) and LED-excited IRR (LEDE-IRR)
T2  - Heritage Science
N2  - Until today, iron gall ink is classified as an exceptional underdrawing material for paintings. Its study and definite identification is usually based on invasive analysis. This article presents a new non-destructive approach using micro-X-ray fluorescence scanning (MA-XRF), LED-excited IRR (LEDE-IRR) based on a narrow wavelength-range of infrared radiation (IR) for illumination and stereomicroscopy for studying and visualising iron gall ink underdrawings. To assess possibilities and limits of these analytical techniques, the approach was tested on panel paintings by Hans Holbein the Elder and Giovanni Battista Cima da Conegliano. Results are compared to invasive examinations on cross-sections using scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM/EDX). The holistic setup could successfully visualise iron gall ink underdrawings, allowing to harness the formerly invisible underdrawing lines for interdisciplinary studies.
KW  - Iron gall ink
KW  - Underdrawing
KW  - Panel paintings
KW  - MA-XRF
KW  - IRR
KW  - LEDE-IRR
KW  - Microscopy
KW  - Holbein the Elder
KW  - Cima da Conegliano
KW  - Sixteenth century
Y1  - 2022
UR  - http://publikationen.ub.uni-frankfurt.de/frontdoor/index/index/docId/69450
UR  - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:hebis:30:3-694507
SN  - 2050-7445
N1  - Open Access funding enabled and organized by Projekt DEAL. This research was funded by Dr. Rolf M. Schwiete Stiftung, Mannheim, Germany and the Städel Museum Frankfurt. The funders had no role in the design of the study, in the collection, analysis or interpretation of data, in the writing of the manuscript or in the decision to publish the results.
VL  - 10
IS  - art. 78
SP  - 1
EP  - 16
PB  - Chemistry Central
CY  - London
ER  -