TY  - JOUR
A1  - Frentzel, Dominik
A1  - Judanin, Grigorij
A1  - Borozdina, Olga
A1  - Klucken, Jochen
A1  - Winkler, Jürgen
A1  - Schlachetzki, Johannes
T1  - Increase of reproductive life span delays age of onset of Parkinson’s disease
T2  - Frontiers in neurology
N2  - One striking observation in Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the remarkable gender difference in incidence and prevalence of the disease. Data on gender differences with regard to disease onset, motor and non-motor symptoms, and dopaminergic medication are limited. Furthermore, whether estrogen status affects disease onset and progression of PD is controversially discussed. In this retrospective single center study, we extracted clinical data of 226 ambulatory PD patients and compared age of disease onset, disease stage, motor impairment, non-motor symptoms, and dopaminergic medication between genders. We applied a matched-pairs design to adjust for age and disease duration. To determine the effect of estrogen-related reproductive factors including number of children, age at menarche, and menopause on the age of onset, we applied a standardized questionnaire and performed a regression analysis. The male to female ratio in the present PD cohort was 1.9:1 (147 men vs. 79 women). Male patients showed increased motor impairment than female patients. The levodopa equivalent daily dose was increased by 18.9% in male patients compared to female patients. Matched-pairs analysis confirmed the increased dose of dopaminergic medication in male patients. No differences were observed in age of onset, type of medication, and non-motor symptoms between both groups. Female reproductive factors including number of children, age at menarche, and age at menopause were positively associated with a delay of disease onset up to 30 months. The disease-modifying role of estrogen-related outcome measures warrants further clinical and experimental studies targeting gender differences, specifically hormone-dependent pathways in PD.
KW  - Parkinson’s disease
KW  - gender
KW  - estrogen status
KW  - disease onset
KW  - dopamine
Y1  - 2017
UR  - http://publikationen.ub.uni-frankfurt.de/frontdoor/index/index/docId/54296
UR  - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:hebis:30:3-542969
SN  - 1664-2295
N1  - Copyright: © 2017 Frentzel, Judanin, Borozdina, Klucken, Winkler and Schlachetzki. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
VL  - 8
IS  - Art. 397
SP  - 1
EP  - 7
PB  - Frontiers Research Foundation
CY  - Lausanne
ER  -