TY  - JOUR
A1  - Mund, Mathias
A1  - Louwen, Frank
A1  - Klingelhöfer, Doris
A1  - Gerber, Alexander
T1  - Smoking and pregnancy : a review on the first major environmental risk factor of the unborn
T2  - International journal of environmental research and public health
N2  - Smoking cigarettes throughout pregnancy is one of the single most important avoidable causes of adverse pregnancy outcomes and it represents the first major environmental risk of the unborn. If compared with other risk factors in the perinatal period, exposure to tobacco smoke is considered to be amongst the most harmful and it is associated with high rates of long and short term morbidity and mortality for mother and child. A variety of adverse pregnancy outcomes are linked with cigarette consumption before and during pregnancy. Maternal prenatal cigarette smoke disturbs the equilibrium among the oxidant and antioxidant system, has negative impact on the genetic and cellular level of both mother and fetus and causes a large quantity of diseases in the unborn child. These smoking-induced damages for the unborn offspring manifest themselves at various times in life and for most only a very limited range of causal treatment exists. Education, support and assistance are of high importance to decrease maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality, as there are few other avoidable factors which influence a child's health that profoundly throughout its life. It is imperative that smoking control should be seen as a public health priority.
KW  - smoking
KW  - pregnancy
KW  - pregnant
KW  - tobacco
KW  - cigarette
KW  - prevention
KW  - therapy
Y1  - 2013
UR  - http://publikationen.ub.uni-frankfurt.de/frontdoor/index/index/docId/32803
UR  - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:hebis:30:3-328032
SN  - 1660-4601
SN  - 1661-7827
N1  - This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/).
VL  - 10
IS  - 12
SP  - 6485
EP  - 6499
PB  - Molecular Diversity Preservation International
CY  - Basel
ER  -