TY  - JOUR
A1  - Smaragdi, Areti
A1  - Cornwell, Harriet
A1  - Toschi, Nicola
A1  - Riccelli, Roberta
A1  - Gonzalez-Madruga, Karen
A1  - Wells, Amy
A1  - Clanton, Roberta
A1  - Baker, Rosalind
A1  - Rogers, Jack C.
A1  - Martin-Key, Nayra
A1  - Puzzo, Ignazio
A1  - Batchelor, Molly
A1  - Sidlauskaite, Justina
A1  - Bernhard, Anka
A1  - Martinelli, Anne
A1  - Kohls, Gregor
A1  - Konrad, Kerstin
A1  - Baumann, Sarah
A1  - Raschle, Nora Maria
A1  - Stadler, Christina
A1  - Freitag, Christine M.
A1  - Sonuga-Barke, Edmund
A1  - De Brito, Stéphane A.
A1  - Fairchild, Graeme
T1  - Sex differences in the relationship between conduct disorder and cortical structure in adolescents
T2  - Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
N2  - Objective: Previous studies have reported reduced cortical thickness and surface area and altered gyrification in frontal and temporal regions in adolescents with conduct disorder (CD). Although there is evidence that the clinical phenotype of CD differs between males and females, no studies have examined whether such sex differences extend to cortical and subcortical structure.
Method: As part of a European multisite study (FemNAT-CD), structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data were collected from 48 female and 48 male participants with CD and from 104 sex-, age-, and pubertal-status−matched controls (14–18 years of age). Data were analyzed using surface-based morphometry, testing for effects of sex, diagnosis, and sex-by-diagnosis interactions, while controlling for age, IQ, scan site, and total gray matter volume.
Results: CD was associated with cortical thinning and higher gyrification in ventromedial prefrontal cortex in both sexes. Males with CD showed lower, and females with CD showed higher, supramarginal gyrus cortical thickness compared with controls. Relative to controls, males with CD showed higher gyrification and surface area in superior frontal gyrus, whereas the opposite pattern was seen in females. There were no effects of diagnosis or sex-by-diagnosis interactions on subcortical volumes. Results are discussed with regard to attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, depression, and substance abuse comorbidity, medication use, handedness, and CD age of onset.
Conclusion: We found both similarities and differences between males and females in CD–cortical structure associations. This initial evidence that the pathophysiological basis of CD may be partly sex-specific highlights the need to consider sex in future neuroimaging studies and suggests that males and females may require different treatments.
KW  - conduct disorder
KW  - antisocial behavior
KW  - sex differences
KW  - brain structure
KW  - surface-based morphometry
Y1  - 2017
UR  - http://publikationen.ub.uni-frankfurt.de/frontdoor/index/index/docId/45783
UR  - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:hebis:30:3-457834
SN  - 1527-5418
SN  - 0890-8567
N1  - © 2017 American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. Published by Elsevier Inc. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
VL  - 56
IS  - 8
SP  - 703
EP  - 712
PB  - Elsevier ; ScienceDirect ; Ovid
CY  - Kidlington [u. a.] ; Amsterdam [u. a.] ; [s. l.]
ER  -