TY  - JOUR
A1  - Wang, Mingyi
A1  - Kong, Weimeng
A1  - Marten, Ruby
A1  - He, Xu-Cheng
A1  - Chen, Dexian
A1  - Pfeifer, Joschka
A1  - Heitto, Arto
A1  - Kontkanen, Jenni
A1  - Dada, Lubna
A1  - Kürten, Christoph Andreas
A1  - Yli-Juuti, Taina
A1  - Manninen, Hanna Elina
A1  - Amanatidis, Stavros
A1  - Amorim, Antonio
A1  - Baalbaki, Rima
A1  - Baccarini, Andrea
A1  - Bell, David M.
A1  - Bertozzi, Barbara
A1  - Bräkling, Steffen
A1  - Brilke, Sophia
A1  - Murillo, Lucía Caudillo
A1  - Chiu, Randall
A1  - Chu, Biwu
A1  - De Menezes, Louis-Philippe
A1  - Duplissy, Jonathan
A1  - Finkenzeller, Henning
A1  - Gonzalez Carracedo, Loic
A1  - Granzin, Manuel
A1  - Guida, Roberto
A1  - Hansel, Armin
A1  - Hofbauer, Victoria
A1  - Krechmer, Jordan
A1  - Lehtipalo, Katrianne
A1  - Lamkaddam, Houssni
A1  - Lampimäki, Marku
A1  - Lee, Chuan Ping
A1  - Makhmutov, Vladimir
A1  - Marie, Guillaume
A1  - Mathot, Serge
A1  - Mauldin, Roy Lee
A1  - Mentler, Bernhard
A1  - Müller, Tatjana
A1  - Onnela, Antti
A1  - Partoll, Eva
A1  - Petäjä, Tuukka
A1  - Philippov, Maxim
A1  - Pospisilova, Veronika
A1  - Ranjithkumar, Ananth
A1  - Rissanen, Matti P.
A1  - Rörup, Birte
A1  - Scholz, Wiebke
A1  - Shen, Jiali
A1  - Simon, Mario
A1  - Sipilä, Mikko
A1  - Steiner, Gerhard
A1  - Stolzenburg, Dominik
A1  - Tham, Yee Jun
A1  - Tomé, António
A1  - Wagner, Andrea Christine
A1  - Wang, Dongyu S.
A1  - Wang, Yonghong
A1  - Weber, Stefan K.
A1  - Winkler, Paul M.
A1  - Wlasits, Peter J.
A1  - Wu, Yusheng
A1  - Xiao, Mao
A1  - Ye, Qing
A1  - Zauner-Wieczorek, Marcel
A1  - Zhou, Xueqin
A1  - Volkamer, Rainer
A1  - Riipinen, Ilona
A1  - Dommen, Josef
A1  - Curtius, Joachim
A1  - Baltensperger, Urs
A1  - Kulmala, Markku
A1  - Worsnop, Douglas R.
A1  - Kirkby, Jasper
A1  - Seinfeld, John H.
A1  - El Haddad, Imad
A1  - Flagan, Richard C.
A1  - Donahue, Neil McPherson
T1  - Rapid growth of new atmospheric particles by nitric acid and ammonia condensation
T2  - Nature
N2  - A list of authors and their affiliations appears at the end of the paper New-particle formation is a major contributor to urban smog, but how it occurs in cities is often puzzling. If the growth rates of urban particles are similar to those found in cleaner environments (1–10 nanometres per hour), then existing understanding suggests that new urban particles should be rapidly scavenged by the high concentration of pre-existing particles. Here we show, through experiments performed under atmospheric conditions in the CLOUD chamber at CERN, that below about +5 degrees Celsius, nitric acid and ammonia vapours can condense onto freshly nucleated particles as small as a few nanometres in diameter. Moreover, when it is cold enough (below −15 degrees Celsius), nitric acid and ammonia can nucleate directly through an acid–base stabilization mechanism to form ammonium nitrate particles. Given that these vapours are often one thousand times more abundant than sulfuric acid, the resulting particle growth rates can be extremely high, reaching well above 100 nanometres per hour. However, these high growth rates require the gas-particle ammonium nitrate system to be out of equilibrium in order to sustain gas-phase supersaturations. In view of the strong temperature dependence that we measure for the gas-phase supersaturations, we expect such transient conditions to occur in inhomogeneous urban settings, especially in wintertime, driven by vertical mixing and by strong local sources such as traffic. Even though rapid growth from nitric acid and ammonia condensation may last for only a few minutes, it is nonetheless fast enough to shepherd freshly nucleated particles through the smallest size range where they are most vulnerable to scavenging loss, thus greatly increasing their survival probability. We also expect nitric acid and ammonia nucleation and rapid growth to be important in the relatively clean and cold upper free troposphere, where ammonia can be convected from the continental boundary layer and nitric acid is abundant from electrical storms.
KW  - Atmospheric science
KW  - Climate change
Y1  - 2020
UR  - http://publikationen.ub.uni-frankfurt.de/frontdoor/index/index/docId/53577
UR  - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:hebis:30:3-535778
SN  - 1476-4687
SN  - 0028-0836
N1  - Open Access: This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.
VL  - 581
IS  - 7807
SP  - 184
EP  - 189
PB  - Nature Publ. Group
CY  - London
ER  -