TY  - JOUR
A1  - Wenger-Alakmeh, Katharina Johanna
A1  - Hattingen, Elke
A1  - Porto, Luciana
T1  - Magnetic resonance imaging as the primary imaging modality in children presenting with inflammatory nontraumatic atlantoaxial rotatory subluxation
T2  - Children
N2  - Inflammatory nontraumatic atlantoaxial rotatory subluxation (AAS) in children is an often-missed diagnosis, especially in the early stages of disease. Abscess formation and spinal cord compression are serious risks that call for immediate surgical attention. Neither radiographs nor non-enhanced computed tomography (CT) images sufficiently indicate inflammatory processes. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) allows a thorough evaluation of paraspinal soft tissues, joints, and ligaments. In addition, it can show evidence of vertebral distraction and spinal cord compression. After conducting a scoping review of the literature, along with scientific and practical considerations, we outlined a standardized pediatric MRI protocol for suspected inflammatory nontraumatic AAS. We recommend contrast-enhanced MRI as the primary diagnostic imaging modality in children with signs of torticollis in combination with nasopharyngeal inflammatory or ear nose and throat (ENT) surgical history.
KW  - grisel syndrome
KW  - nontraumatic atlantoaxial rotatory subluxation
KW  - torticollis
KW  - computed tomography
KW  - magnetic resonance imaging
KW  - imaging protocol
Y1  - 2021
UR  - http://publikationen.ub.uni-frankfurt.de/frontdoor/index/index/docId/61186
UR  - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:hebis:30:3-611864
SN  - 2227-9067
VL  - 8
IS  - 5, art. 329
SP  - 1
EP  - 8
PB  - MDPI
CY  - Basel
ER  -